Estimates of persistent inward current in human motor neurons during postural sway

Persistent inward current (PIC) is a membrane property critical for increasing gain of motor neuron output. In humans, most estimates of PIC are made from plantarflexor or dorsiflexor motor units with the participant in a seated position with the knee flexed. This seated and static posture neglects the task-dependent nature of the monoaminergic drive that modulates PIC activation. Seated estimates may drastically underestimate the amount of PIC that occurs in human motor neurons during functional movement. The current study estimated PIC using the conventional paired motor unit technique which uses the difference between reference unit firing frequency at test unit recruitment and reference unit firing frequency at test unit de-recruitment (∆F) during triangular-shaped, isometric ramps in plantarflexion force as an estimate of PIC. Estimates of PIC were also made during standing anterior postural sway, a postural task that elicits a ramped increase and decrease in soleus motor unit activation similar to the conventional seated ramp contractions. For each motor unit pair, ∆F estimates of PIC made during conventional isometric ramps in the seated posture were compared to those made during standing postural sway. Baseline reciprocal inhibition (RI) was also measured in each posture using the post-stimulus time histogram (PSTH) technique. Hyperpolarizing input has been shown to have a reciprocal relationship with PIC in seated posture and RI was measured to examine if the same reciprocal relationship holds true during functional PIC estimation. It was hypothesized that an increase in ∆F would be seen during standing compared to sitting due to greater neuromodulatory input. We found that ∆F estimates during standing postural sway were equal (2.44 ± 1.17, p=0.44) to those in seated PIC estimates (2.73± 1.20) using the same motor unit pair. Reciprocal inhibition was significantly lower when measured in a standing posture (0.0031 ± 0.0251,

Interaksi Sistem Pengendalian Intern Dengan Faktor-Faktor Yang Berpengaruh Terhadap Kualitas Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Klaten

Based on the report of the Board of Audit of the financial statements Klaten regency government in fiscal year 2014 to get opinions "Fair With Exceptions". The purpose of this study were (1) To analyze the Effect of Implementation of the Government Accounting Standards, Financial Management, Accounting Staff Competence on the Quality of Local Government Finance Report. (2) To analyze interactions affect the Internal Control System Implementation of the Government Accounting Standards, Financial Management, Accounting Staff Competence on the Quality of Local Government Finance Report. Object of this research is a Civil Servant Klaten regency government. The research sample of 54 respondents from 18 SKPD. Sempel retrieval techniques using purposive sampling. The test data is done by testing the validity and reliability test and classical assumption in use is the normality test, heteroscedasticity, multikolenearitas test. Hypothesis testing using multiple regression analysis, t-test, R2 and F test Research results Application of the Government Accounting Standards do not affect the quality of Government Financial Statements, Financial Management and Accounting Staff Competence affect the quality of Local Government Finance Report. Interactions affecting the internal control system of Financial Management and Accounting Staff Competence on the Quality of Local Government Finance Report

Short-scale turbulent fluctuations driven by the electron-temperature gradient in the national spherical torus experiment

Measurements with coherent scattering of electromagnetic waves in plasmas of the National Spherical Torus Experiment indicate the existence of turbulent fluctuations in the range of wave numbers k(perpendicular to)rho(e)=0.1-0.4, corresponding to a turbulence scale length nearly equal to the collisionless skin depth. Experimental observations and agreement with numerical results from a linear gyrokinetic stability code support the conjecture that the observed turbulence is driven by the electron-temperature gradient.X1155sciescopu

Older Adults Embracing Technology: Leave No One Behind

The goal of this exploratory study, conducted throughout 2005 - 2006, was to examine effective ways to provide both initial computer training and ongoing technical support for elders with little or no computer experience, and to explore whether the accomplishment of acquiring computer skills had an impact on the elders’ quality of life. The computer training and follow-up technical support were provided by student volunteers trained specifically for this study. Following the computer training, all participants were offered 12 weeks of ongoing technical support (phone, email or in person) by the same student tech tutors and additional student volunteers. Questionnaires measuring computer comfort and proficiency were administered pre and post training and again at 6 weeks and 12 weeks after the training. Participants kept logs of their computer use and recorded their goals, successes, and challenges throughout the study. The trained and volunteer tech tutors kept field notes of the elders’ learning, and recorded the nature of the technical help requested by the participants. A number of common themes were revealed in the narrative data of both the elders and the student tech tutors. These were clustered into four categories: social inclusion; the teaching and learning experience; expanding horizons; and expressions of self-efficacy. Specific challenges encountered by tech tutors and participants are presented and innovative teaching strategies are proposed. Findings point to the need for further studies to explore the psychosocial factors that motivate and hinder elder requests for ongoing technical help as well as the need for outreach to convey the unexpected benefits of going online to nonusers. A number of recommendations and implications for policy, education and further research were highlighted by the study

Comparison of 20nm silver nanoparticles synthesized with and without a gold core: Structure, dissolution in cell culture media, and biological impact on macrophages

Widespread use of silver nanoparticles raises questions of environmental and biological impact. Many synthesis approaches are used to produce pure silver and silver-shell gold-core particles optimized for specific applications. Since both nanoparticles and silver dissolved from the particles may impact the biological response, it is important to understand the physicochemical characteristics along with the biological impact of nanoparticles produced by different processes. The authors have examined the structure, dissolution, and impact of particle exposure to macrophage cells of two 20 nm silver particles synthesized in different ways, which have different internal structures. The structures were examined by electron microscopy and dissolution measured in Rosewell Park Memorial Institute media with 10% fetal bovine serum. Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were used to measure biological impact on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The particles were polycrystalline, but 20 nm particles grown on gold seed particles had smaller crystallite size with many high-energy grain boundaries and defects, and an apparent higher solubility than 20 nm pure silver particles. Greater oxidative stress and cytotoxicity were observed for 20 nm particles containing the Au core than for 20 nm pure silver particles. A simple dissolution model described the time variation of particle size and dissolved silver for particle loadings larger than 9 μg/ml for the 24-h period characteristic of many in-vitro studies

Sistem Pengaturan Kecepatan Motor DC Pada Alat Ektraksi Madu Menggunakan Kontrol Logika Fuzzy

Alat ekstraksi madu yang diputar secara manual masih sering terjadi kesalahan dalam putaran pada alat ekstraksi madu. Pengontrolan kecepatan pada alat ektraksi madu menggunakan DC menyempurnakan alat ekstraksi yang masih diputar secara manual. Hal tersebut memiliki proses tingkat efisiensi yang lebih baik dari segi waktu dan tenaga yang dibutuhkan. Digunakan Kontrol Logika Fuzzy untuk mengurangi kesalahan putaran pada alat ekstraksi madu, sehingga putaran motor dapat sesuai dengan kecepatan yang diinginkan. Hasil pengujian menggunakan kontroler logika fuzzy melalui beberapa tahap, yaitu fuzzifikasi, kaidah atur (Rule-Base) dan inferensi, dan defuzzifikasi. Metode fuzzifikasi yang digunakan adalah metode min-max sedangkan pada defuzzifikasi menggunakan metode Weighted Average dengan keluaran sistem menggunakan metode Tsukamoto. Presentase error yang dihasilkan atas respon secara keseluruhan sistem adalah 0.4129%

PENGARUH TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI DAN SALING KETERGANTUNGAN TERHADAP KINERJA MANAJERIAL DENGAN KARAKTERISTIK SISTEM AKUNTANSI MANAJEMEN SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING (Survey pada BUMN Sektor Industri Pengolahan di Kota Bandung )

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini tentang faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi rancangan sistem akuntansi manajemen (SAM) yang masih sangat terbatas. Akhir-akhir ini perhatian peneliti telah dicurahkan untuk memahami bagaimana variabel kontinjensi yang berbeda mempengaruhi SAM. Banyak penelitian yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan hasil yang tidak konsisten, karenanya diperlukan penelitian-penelitian lanjutan. Penelitian ini mengkaji peran karakteristik sistem akuntansi manajemen terhadap hubungan teknologi informasi dan saling ketergantungan terhadap kinerja manajerial. Karakteristik sistem akuntansi manajemen didefinisikan sebagai tingkat dimana manajer menggunakan SAM untuk mengambil keputusan manajerial. Respon yang diperoleh dari 42 manajer yang bekerja di Departemen Anggaran, Divisi Renkinrus dan Teknologi Informasi pada BUMN Sektor Industri Pengolahan di Kota Bandung dalam pengambilan sampel dengan menggunakan rumus slovin. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa SAM memiliki peran sebagai mediasi pengaruh antara teknologi informasi dan saling ketergantungan terhadap variabel kinerja manajerial. Kata kunci : Teknologi Informasi, Saling Ketergantungan, Kinerja Manajerial

Neurophysiological profile of peripheral neuropathy associated with childhood mitochondrial disease

INTRODUCTION: Peripheral nerve involvement is common in mitochondrial disease but often unrecognised due to the prominent central nervous system features. Identification of the underlying neuropathy may assist syndrome classification, targeted genetic testing and rehabilitative interventions. METHODS: Clinical data and the results of nerve conduction studies were obtained retrospectively from the records of four tertiary children's hospital metabolic disease, neuromuscular or neurophysiology services. Nerve conductions studies were also performed prospectively on children attending a tertiary metabolic disease service. Results were classified and analysed according to the underlying genetic cause. RESULTS: Nerve conduction studies from 27 children with mitochondrial disease were included in the study (mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) – 7, POLG – 7, SURF1 – 10, PDHc deficiency – 3). Four children with mtDNA mutations had a normal study while three had mild abnormalities in the form of an axonal sensorimotor neuropathy when not acutely unwell. One child with MELAS had a severe acute axonal motor neuropathy during an acute stroke-like episode that resolved over 12 months. Five children with POLG mutations and disease onset beyond infancy had a sensory ataxic neuropathy with an onset in the second decade of life, while the two infants with POLG mutations had a demyelinating neuropathy. Seven of the 10 children with SURF1 mutations had a demyelinating neuropathy. All three children with PDHc deficiency had an axonal sensorimotor neuropathy. Unlike CMT, the neuropathy associated with mitochondrial disease was not length-dependent. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest study to date of peripheral neuropathy in genetically- classified childhood mitochondrial disease. Characterising the underlying neuropathy may assist with the diagnosis of the mitochondrial syndrome and should be an integral part of the assessment of children with suspected mitochondrial disease

The role of the exit in the initial screening of investment opportunities: The case of business angel syndicate gatekeepers

The exit process has been largely ignored in business angel research.. The practitioner community identifies the difficulty in achieving exits as the most pressing problem for investors. This has been attributed to the failure of investors to adopt an exit-centric approach to investing. The validity of this claim is examined via a study of the investment approach of 21 ‘gatekeepers’ (managers) of angel groups in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Most gatekeepers say that they do consider the exit when they invest. However, this is contradicted by a verbal protocol analysis which indicates that the exit is not a significant consideration in their initial screening process. The small number of exits achieved by the groups is consistent with the general lack of an exit-centric approach to investing. Only three groups exhibit evidence of a strong exit-centric approach to investing. The lack of exits may have a negative impact on the level of future angel investment activity