The Demonstration of Effective Pedagogy to Secondary Education Candidates in an Early Field Experience

This research examined an early field experience model supported by instructional coaching that was implemented within an undergraduate educator preparation program for secondary language arts and social sciences candidates. A mixed methods design examined candidates’ stages of concern based on the Fuller (1969) stages of concern theory in relationship to Marzano’s (2003) teacher-level factors of effective schools. While teacher candidates were able to demonstrate each component of effective classroom pedagogy, their level of success varied. At the beginning of the experience, self-concerns were high and characterized by candidates’ identities as students and ego-driven considerations. As the experience progressed, candidates focused more on task concerns and the compliant engagement of students. Evidence of impact concerns was limited. Sustained time and university faculty supervision were key elements in a successful early field experience

Group Differences in Hot and Cool Executive Functioning Performance in College Students with and without a History of Child Maltreatment

We explored the degree to which a history of child maltreatment impacts performance in college settings. In recent studies, researchers have explored “hot” versus “cool” executive functioning (EF). Cool EF is comprised of cognitive processes in non-emotional settings and are known to play an important role in educational achievement. Hot EF is comprised of cognitive processes supported by emotional awareness. Given that child maltreatment is associated with emotional arousal difficulty, we explored the degree to which hot and cold EF tasks are differentially impacted by a history of child maltreatment. Our research approach involved modifying two traditional cool EF tasks (Tower of London and Go/No Go) in order to compare an individual’s performance in both the cool and heated version of the task. An important aspect of our study involved comparing the relative impact of a “social heating” (i.e., emotion faces) versus a “nonsocial heating” (monetary reward). We believed individuals with a maltreatment history would show relatively more difficulty with social heating. The data suggested that there were some sensible correlations between the subscales of a trauma questionnaire and other EF measures. Overall, we were unable to find clear group effects suggesting that a larger sample size would be beneficial

Kaderpolitik auf dem Prüfstand: Die Bezirke und ihre Sekretäre 1952-1989

Im Mittelpunkt dieser Studie steht die Analyse einer Funktionärsschicht, an deren Zusammensetzung und Entwicklung exemplarisch Fragen beantwortet werden sollen, mit denen letztlich jedes politische System konfrontiert ist, das mit der alten politischen Ordnung radikal brechen und eine neue aufbauen will. Die Frage, ob die alten politischen Eliten aus der Nazizeit übernommen werden sollten, stand für viele Deutsche nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges gar nicht erst zur Disposition. Dies unterbanden sowohl der alliierte Einspruch als auch die Haltung deutscher Hitlergegner. Damit war das Dilemma, das gerade in neuester Zeit in der Transformationsforschung diskutiert wird, ob die Zirkulation oder die Reproduktion von Eliten (oder eine Mischung von beidem) die Erfordernisse einer Stabilisierung des neuen Systems besser fordert, im Sinne des ersteren und damit der Ersetzung wichtiger Führungsgruppen entschieden. Inwieweit dieser Anspruch in den vier Besatzungszonen auch in die Realität umgesetzt werden konnte, war zunächst ebenso offen wie die Fragen, nach welchen Kriterien die neuen Eliten ausgewählt werden sollten und wie umfassend der Austausch von Funktionsträgem sein sollte. Wenn, wie in der sowjetischen Besatzungszone und der späteren DDR, die Elitenzirkulation schon früh nicht nach offenen, pluralistischen Gesichtspunkten, sondern im Sinne einer politischen Ideologie und damit auch einer bestimmten Führungsschicht entschieden wurde, dann stellten sich die Probleme noch um einiges komplizierter dar, da eine Gegenelite erst in Ansätzen vorhanden war und sie ihren Herrschaftsanspruch durch die Rekrutierung, Ausbildung und Fördemng von politisch unerfahrenen Führungspersonen durchsetzen mußte. Um die dabei angefallenen Schwierigkeiten, aber auch Erfolge wird es im folgenden gehen. Wo mußten Kompromisse geschlossen werden und wie erfolgreich war die DDR in ihrer Kaderpolitik? Welche Charakteristika bestimmten die neue Führungsschicht und wie änderten sie sich im Zeitverlauf? Die Politik der SED war nicht statisch, und Wandel und Beharrung können und sollen nicht nur an einzelnen Führungspersönlichkeiten wie Ulbricht und Honecker festgemacht werden. Vielmehr soll gerade aufgezeigt werden, daß die Versteinerungstendenzen der siebziger und achtziger Jahre nicht zuletzt als Reaktion auf die turbulenten Anfangsjahre der DDR zu verstehen sind

Horticultural Update

Monthly newsletter of the Texas Agricultural Extension Service discussing plants that are cultivated in the state, news, and other topics related to gardening in Texas

Accreting Millisecond X-Ray Pulsars

Accreting Millisecond X-Ray Pulsars (AMXPs) are astrophysical laboratories without parallel in the study of extreme physics. In this chapter we review the past fifteen years of discoveries in the field. We summarize the observations of the fifteen known AMXPs, with a particular emphasis on the multi-wavelength observations that have been carried out since the discovery of the first AMXP in 1998. We review accretion torque theory, the pulse formation process, and how AMXP observations have changed our view on the interaction of plasma and magnetic fields in strong gravity. We also explain how the AMXPs have deepened our understanding of the thermonuclear burst process, in particular the phenomenon of burst oscillations. We conclude with a discussion of the open problems that remain to be addressed in the future.Comment: Review to appear in "Timing neutron stars: pulsations, oscillations and explosions", T. Belloni, M. Mendez, C.M. Zhang Eds., ASSL, Springer; [revision with literature updated, several typos removed, 1 new AMXP added

Visual attention and action: How cueing, direct mapping, and social interactions drive orienting

Despite considerable interest in both action perception and social attention over the last 2 decades, there has been surprisingly little investigation concerning how the manual actions of other humans orient visual attention. The present review draws together studies that have measured the orienting of attention, following observation of another’s goal-directed action. Our review proposes that, in line with the literature on eye gaze, action is a particularly strong orienting cue for the visual system. However, we additionally suggest that action may orient visual attention using mechanisms, which gaze direction does not (i.e., neural direct mapping and corepresentation). Finally, we review the implications of these gaze-independent mechanisms for the study of attention to action. We suggest that our understanding of attention to action may benefit from being studied in the context of joint action paradigms, where the role of higher level action goals and social factors can be investigated

Prognostic model to predict postoperative acute kidney injury in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery based on a national prospective observational cohort study.

Background: Acute illness, existing co-morbidities and surgical stress response can all contribute to postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery. The aim of this study was prospectively to develop a pragmatic prognostic model to stratify patients according to risk of developing AKI after major gastrointestinal surgery. Methods: This prospective multicentre cohort study included consecutive adults undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection, liver resection or stoma reversal in 2-week blocks over a continuous 3-month period. The primary outcome was the rate of AKI within 7 days of surgery. Bootstrap stability was used to select clinically plausible risk factors into the model. Internal model validation was carried out by bootstrap validation. Results: A total of 4544 patients were included across 173 centres in the UK and Ireland. The overall rate of AKI was 14·2 per cent (646 of 4544) and the 30-day mortality rate was 1·8 per cent (84 of 4544). Stage 1 AKI was significantly associated with 30-day mortality (unadjusted odds ratio 7·61, 95 per cent c.i. 4·49 to 12·90; P < 0·001), with increasing odds of death with each AKI stage. Six variables were selected for inclusion in the prognostic model: age, sex, ASA grade, preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate, planned open surgery and preoperative use of either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin receptor blocker. Internal validation demonstrated good model discrimination (c-statistic 0·65). Discussion: Following major gastrointestinal surgery, AKI occurred in one in seven patients. This preoperative prognostic model identified patients at high risk of postoperative AKI. Validation in an independent data set is required to ensure generalizability

Regional Endothermy in a Coral Reef Fish?

Although a few pelagic species exhibit regional endothermy, most fish are regarded as ectotherms. However, we document significant regional endothermy in a benthic reef fish. Individual steephead parrotfish, Chlorurus microrhinos (Labridae, formerly Scaridae) were tagged and their internal temperatures were monitored for a 24 h period using active acoustic telemetry. At night, on the reef, C. microrhinos were found to maintain a consistent average peritoneal cavity temperature 0.16±0.005°C (SE) warmer than ambient. Diurnal internal temperatures were highly variable for individuals monitored on the reef, while in tank-based trials, peritoneal cavity temperatures tracked environmental temperatures. The mechanisms responsible for a departure of the peritoneal cavity temperature from environmental temperature occurred in C. microrhinos are not yet understood. However, the diet and behavior of the species suggests that heat in the peritoneal cavity may result primarily from endogenous thermogenesis coupled with physiological heat retention mechanisms. The presence of limited endothermy in C. microrhinos indicates that a degree of uncertainty may exist in the manner that reef fish respond to their thermal environment. At the very least, they do not always appear to respond to environmental temperatures as neutral thermal vessels and do display limited, but significant, visceral warming