Calculation of Diesel Combustion Particle Deposition in the Human Respiratory Tract

The main goal of this work is to investigate lung-deposition efficiency of diesel combustion particles generated under different conditions.JRC.H.4 - Transport and air qualit

2D Particle Transport in a Full Dilution Tunnel of Diesel Vehicle Emissions

Current EU legislation establishes particulate-mass emission limits for diesel vehicles, but limits on particle number emissions are also under consideration due to concerns about the adverse health effects of fine particles. We study the turbulent transport of light-duty diesel exhaust particles in a standard emission facility.JRC.H.4-Transport and air qualit

Individual mobility: From conventional to electric cars

The aim of this report is twofold. First, to analyse individual (driver) mobility data to obtain fundamental statistical parameters of driving patterns for both conventional and electric vehicles. In doing so, the information contained in large mobility datasets is condensed into compact and concise descriptions through modelling observed (experimental) distributions of mobility variables by expected theoretical distributions. Specifically, the stretched exponential distribution is shown to model rather accurately the distribution of single-trips and their duration, and the scale-invariant power-law with exponential cut-off the daily mobility length, the distance travelled per day. We argue that the theoretical-distribution parameters depend on the road-network topology, terrain topography, traffic, points of interest, and individual activities. Data from conventional vehicles suggest three approximate daily driving patterns corresponding to weekday, Saturday and Sunday driving, the latter two being rather similar. Work trips were found to be longer than average and of longer duration. The second aim is to ascertain, via the limited electric-vehicle data available from the EU-funded Green eMotion project, whether the behaviour of drivers of conventional vehicles differs from the behaviour of drivers of electric vehicles. The data suggest that electric vehicles are driven for shorter distances and shorter duration. Data from the Green eMotion project showed that the median real-life energy consumption of a typical segment A, small-sized, electric car, for example the Mitsubishi i-MiEV and its variants, is 186 Wh/km with a spread of 55 Wh/km. The real-driving energy consumption (per km) was determined to be approximately 38% higher than the type-approved consumption. Moreover, we found considerable dependence of the energy consumed on the ambient temperature. The median winter energy consumption per kilometre was higher than the median summer consumption by approximately 40%. The data presented in this report can be fundamental for subsequent analyses of infrastructure requirements for electric vehicles and assessments of their potential contribution to energy, transport, and climate policy objectives.JRC.F.8-Sustainable Transpor

Optimal allocation of electric vehicle charging infrastructure in cities and regions

A geospatial analysis of electric-vehicle charging infrastructure allocation within a city and a region, based on open source GIS tools, is described. A methodology was developed to provide optimal locations of electric vehicle infrastructure (charging stations) within a spatially extended region. Two different cases were identified: placement in a city network (urban road network) and in a regional or national network (rural roads and highways). For a city and a regional network, the methodology identifies high-potential areas for the installation of charging station. In contrast, for a highway network the methodology provides explicitly the suggested locations: the charging stations should preferably be placed in already built areas, gas stations or rest areas, to minimize additional investment costs. A pilot study was made for the city of Bolzano/Bozen (city road network) and the province of Alto Adige/Südtirol (rural and highway network). The municipality and the province gave positive feedback on the suggested locations.JRC.F.8 - Sustainable Transpor

Calibration and Modeling of PMP-Compliant Condensation Particle Counters

The study presents results of calibration experiments for four PMP compliant CPCs (3 TSI’s 3790 and a TSI’s 3010 operating at lower saturator-condenser temperature differences) tested against a range of calibration particles, including Poly(alpha)-Olefin (PAO), tetracontane (C40), tetradecane (C14) and hexadecane (C16). The experimental data were analyzed using a numerical model developed by Giechaskiel et al. (Journal of Aerosol Science, 42:20-37) which was amended to investigate the effect of line tension, curvature dependence of the surface tension as well as condensational growth of activated particles. The study also investigated possibilities to verify the linearity of CPCs against an electrometer in the sub 2000 #/cm3 concentration range. The use of elevated sample flowrates and multiply charged particles of well defined charge status, allowed for some linearity checks down to 300 #/cm3 concentration levels.JRC.F.8 - Sustainable Transpor

Data Collection and Reporting Guidelines for European electro-mobility projects

Analysis of the data collected from electro-mobility projects has shown that only in very limited cases, the data reported were of enough quality and/or comprehensive enough to allow a meaningful and complete analysis. Various types of data are sometimes missing, making it almost impossible to analyse them correctly. The objective of this report is to provide guidance to publicly funded European Electro-mobility Projects on what and how to monitor and report. Detailed description of the necessary monitored elements and those which are considered as optional due to the complexity or expense involved in collecting them, is included, as well some ideas on quality control and on data collection. An extensive stakeholder consultation has taken place before the release of this report.JRC.F.6-Energy Technology Policy Outloo

Measurements in Support of Modelling the VELA-2 Experimental Facilities

This document reports the results of measurements conducted at the VELA-2 laboratories of the JRC in February 2007. The aim of the experimental campaign was to provide the necessary experimental data to model aerosol processes from the vehicle�s exhaust tailpipe to the sampling point at the full dilution tunnel. The measurements included particle and temperature profiles at the tailpipe, at the end of the exhaust gas transfer tube to the dilution tunnel (anaconda), at the diaphragm of the dilution tunnel, 1,5 tunnel diameters downstream the diaphragm and 10 tunnel diameters downstream the diaphragm (normal sampling point). Two steady state speeds were used (50 and 120 km/h) and flow rates at the dilution tunnel of 6 and 12 m3/min. Non-volatile and total particle number and mass concentrations were measured according to the protocol of the Particulate Measurement Programme. The results showed that the main changes of particle number distributions are observed along the transfer tube from the tailpipe to the dilution tunnel (anaconda). Afterwards the particle number distributions remain almost constant. However, low dilution at the dilution tunnel (flow rate of 6 m3/min) leads to a further small particle number distribution change.JRC.H.4 - Transport and air qualit

The Friction Coefficient of Fractal Aggregates in the Continuum and Transition Regimes

A methodology is introduced for friction-coefficient calculations of fractal-like aggregates that relates the friction coefficient to a solution of the diffusion equation. Synthetic fractal aggregates were created with a cluster-cluster aggregation algorithm. Their fiction coefficients were obtained from gas molecule-aggregate collision rates that were calculated with the COMSOL Multiphysics software. Results were compared and validated with literature values. The effect of aggregate structure on dynamical properties of the aggregate, in particular mobility, was also studied. Both the fractal dimension and the fractal prefactor are required to characterize fully an aggregate.JRC.F.8-Sustainable Transpor

Aerosol Dynamics

Airborne particulate matter (PM) contains different chemical components, its size ranging from few nanometers to several hundred micrometers (Hinds, 1999). It is apparent that particulate matter is not a single pollutant, and its mass includes a mixture of numerous pollutants distributed differently at different sizes. Particle size is an essential parameter that determines the chemical composition, optical properties, deposition of particles, and their inhalation in the human respiratory tract (Hinds, 1999; Friedlander, 2000; Seinfeld and Pandis, 2006; Lazaridis, 2011). Particle size is specified by the particle diameter, , which is most commonly expressed in micrometers. Particles represent a very small fraction, less than 0.0001%, of the total aerosol mass or volume (Drossinos and Housiadas, 2005). The gas phase influences mainly the particle flow through hydrodynamic forces.JRC.F.6-Energy systems evaluatio

What aerosol physics tells us about airborne pathogen transmission

The ever-expanding spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus requires an understanding of its modes of transmission to identify efficient control strategies. This editorial addresses the coupling of the physics of respiratory droplets with epidemic theory to argue that airborne pathogen transmission could be a critical pathogen transmission mode.JRC.C.4-Sustainable Transpor