A gestão dos riscos nos Programas de Transferência Condicionada de Renda

Nos anos 1970 do século passado os estudos de Michel Foucault irão plantear uma novidade importante para o conjunto de sua teoria. Nesse novo caminho de análise o poder será a chave para a compreensão da produção de saberes e, de como os seres humanos se constituem na inter-relação entre ambos, isto é, como nos desenvolvemos influenciados por tecnologias de saber-poder. A trajetória entre as discussões sobre o poder disciplinar e a biopolítica constituíram o que se chamou de análise genealógica. Para o autor, o surgimento do Estado Moderno, com a emergência de novas relações de produção no sistema capitalista, “leva à instauração da anátomo-política e da biopolítica normativa enquanto procedimentos institucionais de modelagem do indivíduo e de gestão da coletividade; em outras palavras, de formatação do indivíduo e de administração da população” (DANNER, 2010, p.02). Com isso, Foucault nos mostra a possibilidade de analisar um fato social a partir de um fenômeno relativamente local, relativamente microscópico das expressões do poder. Desse ponto é perfeitamente possível chegar aos problemas do Estado, “contanto que não erijamos o Estado como uma realidade transcendente cuja história poderia ser feita a partir dela mesma. A história do Estado deve poder ser feita a partir da própria prática dos homens [...]” (FOUCAULT, 2008b, p.481). (Párrafo extraído del texto a modo de resumen)Mesa 41/ El nacimiento de la clínica. Ciencias sociales y saludFacultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Dosing-time makes the poison : circadian regulation and pharmacotherapy

Daily rhythms in physiology significantly modulate drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics according to the time-of-day, a finding that has led to the concept of chronopharmacology. The importance of biological clocks for xenobiotic metabolism has gained increased attention with the discovery of the molecular circadian clockwork. Mechanistic understanding of the cell-autonomous molecular circadian oscillator and the circadian timing system as a whole has opened new conceptual and methodological lines of investigation to understand first, the clock's impact on a specific drug's daily variations or the effects/side effects of environmental substances, and second, how clock-controlled pathways are coordinated within a given tissue or organism. Today, there is an increased understanding of the circadian modulation of drug effects. Moreover, several molecular strategies are being developed to treat disease-dependent and drug-induced clock disruptions in humans

Practical long-distance quantum key distribution system using decoy levels

Quantum key distribution (QKD) has the potential for widespread real-world applications. To date no secure long-distance experiment has demonstrated the truly practical operation needed to move QKD from the laboratory to the real world due largely to limitations in synchronization and poor detector performance. Here we report results obtained using a fully automated, robust QKD system based on the Bennett Brassard 1984 protocol (BB84) with low-noise superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) and decoy levels. Secret key is produced with unconditional security over a record 144.3 km of optical fibre, an increase of more than a factor of five compared to the previous record for unconditionally secure key generation in a practical QKD system.Comment: 9 page

Gauging circadian variation in ketamine metabolism by real-time breath analysis

The time-of-day of drug application is an important factor in maximizing efficacy and minimizing toxicity. Real-time in vivo mass spectrometric breath analysis of mice was deployed to investigate time-of-day variation in ketamine metabolism. Different production rates of ketamine metabolites, including the recently described anti-depressant hydroxynorketamine, were found in opposite circadian phases. Thus, breath analysis has potential as a rapid and 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) conforming screening method to estimate the time-dependence of drug metabolism

The Extended Görtler-Hämmerlin Model For Linear Instability of Three-Dimensional Incompressible Swept Attachment-Line Boundary Layer Flow

A simple extension of the classic Görtler–Hämmerlin (1955) (GH) model, essential for three-dimensional linear instability analysis, is presented. The extended Görtler–Hämmerlin model classifies all three-dimensional disturbances in this flow by means of symmetric and antisymmetric polynomials of the chordwise coordinate. It results in one-dimensional linear eigenvalue problems, a temporal or spatial solution of which, presented herein, is demonstrated to recover results otherwise only accessible to the temporal or spatial partial-derivative eigenvalue problem (the former also solved here) or to spatial direct numerical simulation (DNS). From a numerical point of view, the significance of the extended GH model is that it delivers the three-dimensional linear instability characteristics of this flow, discovered by solution of the partial-derivative eigenvalue problem by Lin & Malik (1996a), at a negligible fraction of the computing effort required by either of the aforementioned alternative numerical methodologies. More significant, however, is the physical insight which the model offers into the stability of this technologically interesting flow. On the one hand, the dependence of three-dimensional linear disturbances on the chordwise spatial direction is unravelled analytically. On the other hand, numerical results obtained demonstrate that all linear three-dimensional instability modes possess the same (scaled) dependence on the wall-normal coordinate, that of the well-known GH mode. The latter result may explain why the three-dimensional linear modes have not been detected in past experiments; criteria for experimental identification of three-dimensional disturbances are discussed. Asymptotic analysis based on a multiple-scales method confirms the results of the extended GH model and provides an alternative algorithm for the recovery of three-dimensional linear instability characteristics, also based on solution of one-dimensional eigenvalue problems. Finally, the polynomial structure of individual three-dimensional extended GH eigenmodes is demonstrated using three-dimensional DNS, performed here under linear conditions

Structural changes of laminar separation bubbles induced by global linear instability

The topology of the composite flow fields reconstructed by linear superposition of a two-dimensional boundary layer flow with an embedded laminar separation bubble and its leading three-dimensional global eigenmodes has been studied. According to critical point theory, the basic flow is structurally unstable; it is shown that in the presence of three-dimensional disturbances the degenerate basic flow topology is replaced by a fully three-dimensional pattern, regardless of the amplitude of the superposed linear perturbations. Attention has been focused on the leading stationary eigenmode of the laminar separation bubble discovered by Theofilis; the composite flow fields have been fully characterized with respect to the generation and evolution of their critical points. The stationary global mode is shown to give rise to a three-dimensional flow field which is equivalent to the classical U-shaped separation, defined by Hornung & Perry, and induces topologies on the surface streamlines that are resemblant to the characteristic stall cells observed experimentally

On the Origins of Three-Dimensionality And Unsteadiness in the Laminar Separation Bubble

We analyse the three-dimensional non-parallel instability mechanisms responsible for transition to turbulence in regions of recirculating steady laminar two-dimensional incompressible separation bubble ®ow in a twofold manner. First, we revisit the problem of Tollmien{Schlichting (TS)-like disturbances and we demonstrate, for the ­ rst time for this type of ®ow, excellent agreement between the parabolized stabil- ity equation results and those of independently performed direct numerical simula- tions. Second, we perform a partial-derivative eigenvalue problem stability analysis by discretizing the two spatial directions on which the basic ®ow depends, precluding TS-like waves from entering the calculation domain. A new two-dimensional set of global ampli­ ed instability modes is thus discovered. In order to prove earlier topo- logical conjectures about the ®ow structural changes occurring prior to the onset of bubble unsteadiness, we reconstruct the total ®ow­ eld by linear superposition of the steady two-dimensional basic ®ow and the new most-ampli­ ed global eigenmodes. In the parameter range investigated, the result is a bifurcation into a three-dimensional ®ow­ eld in which the separation line remains una¬ected while the primary reattach- ment line becomes three dimensional, in line with the analogous result of a multitude of experimental observations

Validation of the performance of a GMO multiplex screening assay based on microarray detection

A new screening method for the detection and identification of GMO, based on the use of multiplex PCR followed by microarray, has been developed and is presented. The technology is based on the identification of quite ubiquitous GMO genetic target elements first amplified by PCR, followed by direct hybridisation of the amplicons on a predefined microarray (DualChip® GMO, Eppendorf, Germany). The validation was performed within the framework of a European project (Co-Extra, contract no 007158) and in collaboration with 12 laboratories specialised in GMO detection. The present study reports the strategy and the results of an ISO complying validation of the method carried out through an inter-laboratory study. Sets of blind samples were provided consisting of DNA reference materials covering all the elements detectable by specific probes present on the array. The GMO concentrations varied from 1% down to 0.045%. In addition, a mixture of two GMO events (0.1% RRS diluted in 100% TOPAS19/2) was incorporated in the study to test the robustness of the assay in extreme conditions. Data were processed according to ISO 5725 standard. The method was evaluated with predefined performance criteria with respect to the EC CRL method acceptance criteria. The overall method performance met the acceptance criteria; in particular, the results showed that the method is suitable for the detection of the different target elements at 0.1% concentration of GMO with a 95% accuracy rate. This collaborative trial showed that the method can be considered as fit for the purpose of screening with respect to its intra- and inter-laboratory accuracy. The results demonstrated the validity of combining multiplex PCR with array detection as provided by the DualChip® GMO (Eppendorf, Germany) for the screening of GMO. The results showed that the technology is robust, practical and suitable as a screening too