Promoción de raigrás anual naturalizado (Lolium multiflorum L.) en la cuenca del río Salado. Evaluación de la producción invernal de forraje en pastoreo

Effective operation of grazing production systems needs control the production of forage at farm level. A nine year old stand of enhanced tame native ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) (RGE) and an annual crop of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L. cv Tama) (RGT) were monitored to test the hypothesis that: (i) herbage biomass in such pastures can be assessed by Ration Calculation methodology as accurately as by more exhaustive procedures, and (ii) enhancement increases amount and quality of forage winter supply. Enhancement includes fertilization with NH4 NO3 and (NH4 ) 2 HPO4, and weed control with Glyphosate (N- (phosphonomethyl glycine)). The Ration Calculation method estimates available herbage dry matter assuming that «one herbage ration» equal to one cow equivalent (CE), consisting of 10 kg DM day-1 with 77.57 MJ of ME. Herbage samples were taken from each paddock, representing harvestable biomass. Grazing harvest efficiency and herbage DM intake (HDMI) were estimated through difference between initial (IHA) and final (FHA) herbage available (kg DM ha-1), before and after grazing, corrected by losses due to grazing. Eight grazing cycles of RGE produced 16 041 kg DM/ha year-1, (2 001 ± 79.3 rations/ha year-1) while ration calculation estimates 9 775 kg DM/ha year-1. The RGT allowed seven grazing cycles, yielded 12 269 kg DM/ha year-1 or 1 144 ± 87.1 rations/ha year-1 compared to 8 688 kg DM/ha year-1 estimated by calculating ration. The ration calculation method did not accurately assess the enhanced cumulative herbage DM produced. Enhancement technology improved production and quality of tame ryegrass in winter time.El manejo de sistemas ganaderos de producción requiere controlar la producción de forraje a nivel de unidad de pastoreo. Con una pastura naturalizada y promocionada durante nueve años de raigras (Lolium multiflorum L.) (RGE) y un cultivo de raigras anual (Lolium multiflorum L. cv. Tama) (RGT) se probaron las hipótesis de que la biomasa forrajera aerea puede ser estimada correctamente por el método del cálculo de raciones como mediante los atributos del forraje, y que la promoción permite aumentar la producción invernal de forraje. La promoción involucra fertilizaciones con NH4 NO3 y (NH4 )2 HPO4 y control de malezas con Glifosato (N- (phosphonomethyl glycine). La estimación de materia seca disponible mediante el calculo de raciones asume que «una ración de forraje» son 10 kg MS día-1 que contienen 77.57 MJ de EM que representan un equivalente vaca (CE). La eficiencia de cosecha y consumo en pastoreo (HDMI) fueron estimados por diferencia entre disponibilidad forrajera inicial (IHA) y final (FHA) antes y después del pastoreo, corregido por pérdidas debidas al pastoreo. El período de crecimiento de la RGE permitió ocho pastoreos produciendo 16 041 kg MS/ha año-1 ó 2 001± 79.3 raciones/ha año-1 comparado con 9 775 kg MS/ha año-1 estimados por cálculo de raciones. En siete pastoreos el RGT produjo 12 269 kg MS/ha año-1 ó 1 144 raciones/ha año-1, comparado con 8 688 kg MS/ha año-1 estimados por el cálculo de raciones. Se concluye que el cálculo de raciones no estima correctamente la biomasa producida por una promoción y que, efectivamente, la tecnología de promoción aumenta la producción y calidad invernal del pastizal natural.Fil: Danelon, Jose Luis. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Magaz, Santiago Horacio. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Magaz, Hernan Miguel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; ArgentinaFil: Colombatto, Dario. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

La relación entre la informacion, cultura organizacional y toma de decisiones en una organización

Introdução: Compreende uma pesquisa documental sobre a relação entre informação, cultura organizacional e tomada de decisão em uma organização. Objetivo: verificar qual a influência da informação, considerando-se a cultura organizacional, na tomada de decisão em uma organização. Metodologia: A revisão de literatura procura contemplar autores especializados nas áreas de informação (Belkin; Borko; Capurro; Choo; Tarapanoff; dentre outros); cultura (Fleury et al.; Moraes e Fadel; Nassar e Schein); tomada de decisão (Angeloni; Hoppen; Leitão e Nassif; Lousada e Valentim e Oliveira) e organização (Bernardes e Marcondes e Maximiano). Resultados: pode existir uma grande interdependência entre informação, cultura e tomada de decisão em uma organização. Conclusões: A informação pode facilitar a compreensão da cultura de uma organização, de como ocorrem os processos de mudança e quais alternativas podem ser levantadas para que ela possa lograr êxito em seu processo de tomada de decisão com o objetivo de assegurar a sua perpetuação ao longo do tempo. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTIntroduction: Includes a documentary research on the relationship between information, organizational culture and decision making in an organization. Objective: The goal is to check the influence of information, considering the organizational culture, decision making in an organization. Methodology: The literature review include authors specialized in the areas of information (Belkin; Borko; Capurro; Choo; Tarapanoff; among others); culture (Fleury et al.; Moraes and Fadel; Nassar and Schein), decision making (Angeloni; Hoppen; Leitão and Nassif; Lousada and Valentim and Oliveira) and organization (Bernardes and Marcondes and Maximiano). Results: That there may be a strong interdependency between information, culture and decision making in an organization. Conclusions: The information can facilitate understanding of the culture of an organization, how the processes of change occur and what alternatives can be raised so that she can achieve success in their decision-making process in order to ensure its perpetuation over time. _______________________________________________________________________________________ RESUMENntroducción: Incluye de una investigación documental sobre la relación entre la información, la cultura organizacional y la toma de decisiones en una organización. Objetivo: Es comprobar la influencia de la información, teniendo en cuenta la cultura de la organización, toma de decisiones en una organización decisión. Metodología: La revisión de la literatura incluye autores especializados en las áreas de información (Belkin; Borko; Capurro; Choo; Tarapanoff; entre otros), la cultura (Fleury et al.; Moraes y Fadel; Nassar y Schein), la toma de decisiones (Angeloni; Hoppen; Leitão y Nassif; Lousada y Valentim y Oliveira) y organización (Marcondes y Bernardes y Maximiano). Resultados: Puede haber una fuerte interdependencia entre la información, la cultura y la toma de decisiones en una organización. Conclusiones: La información puede facilitar la comprensión de la cultura de una organización, cómo se producen los procesos de cambio y qué alternativas se pueden plantear para que pueda alcanzar el éxito en su proceso de toma de decisiones con el fin de garantizar su perpetuación en el tiempo

Functional asymmetry of transmembrane segments in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are heteropentameric ion channels that open upon activation to a single conducting state. The second transmembrane segments of each subunit were identified as channel-forming elements, but their respective contribution in the gating process remains unclear. Moreover, the detailed impact of variations of the membrane potential, such as occurring during an action potential, on the transmembrane domains, is unknown. Residues at the 12′ position, close to the center of each second transmembrane segment, play a key role in channel gating. We examined their functional symmetry by substituting a lysine to that position of each subunit and measuring the electrical activity of single channels. For 12′ lysines in the α, γ and δ subunits rapid transitions between an intermediate and large conductance appeared, which are interpreted as single lysine protonation events. From the kinetics of these transitions we calculated the pK a values of respective lysines and showed that they vary differently with membrane hyperpolarization. Respective mutations in β or ε subunits gave receptors with openings of either intermediate or large conductance, suggesting extreme pK a values in two open state conformations. The results demonstrate that these parts of the highly homologous transmembrane domains, as probed by the 12′ lysines, sense unequal microenvironments and are differently affected by physiologically relevant voltage changes. Moreover, observation of various gating events for mutants of α subunits suggests that the open channel pore exists in multiple conformations, which in turn supports the notion of functional asymmetry of the channe

Resolution in Focused Electron- and Ion-Beam Induced Chemical Vapor Deposition

The key physical processes governing resolution of focused electron-beam and ion-beam-assisted chemical vapor deposition are analyzed via an adsorption rate model. We quantify for the first time how the balance of molecule depletion and replenishment determines the resolution inside the locally irradiated area. Scaling laws are derived relating the resolution of the deposits to molecule dissociation, surface diffusion, adsorption, and desorption. Supporting results from deposition experiments with a copper metalorganic precursor gas on a silicon substrate are presented and discussed.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, 1 tabl

Lipid profile of dehydrated eggs with emphasis on the contents of trans fatty acids

O presente trabalho objetivou a determinação do perfil lipídico de ovos integrais desidratados, bem como de gemas desidratadas, a fim de enfatizar seu conteúdo de ácidos graxos de configuração trans. A fração lipídica das amostras foi extraída com hexano/isopropanol e, a seguir, metilada. Os ácidos graxos foram identificados via cromatografia gasosa. Constatou-se que a natureza lipídica dos ovos tem caráter predominantemente insaturado: 63,65% dos lipídios totais nos ovos integrais e 62,63% nas gemas. Além disso, foram identificados apenas traços de gorduras trans (0,24% nos ovos integrais e 0,27% nas gemas).The objective of this work was to determine fatty acids composition in dehydrated eggs and egg yolks emphasizing its contents of trans fatty acids. The fatty acids fraction of the samples was extracted with hexane/isopropanol (3:2) and then methylated. The profile of the fatty acids was identified by gas chromatography with predominant evidence of insaturated character: 63.65 and 62.63% of the lipids were unsatureted in the eggs and in the egg yolks, respectively. Traces of trans fatty were also identified (0.24% in the hole eggs and 0.27% in the egg yolks).Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

The porin and the permeating antibiotic: A selective diffusion barrier in gram-negative bacteria

Gram-negative bacteria are responsible for a large proportion of antibiotic resistant bacterial diseases. These bacteria have a complex cell envelope that comprises an outer membrane and an inner membrane that delimit the periplasm. The outer membrane contains various protein channels, called porins, which are involved in the influx of various compounds, including several classes of antibiotics. Bacterial adaptation to reduce influx through porins is an increasing problem worldwide that contributes, together with efflux systems, to the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance. An exciting challenge is to decipher the genetic and molecular basis of membrane impermeability as a bacterial resistance mechanism. This Review outlines the bacterial response towards antibiotic stress on altered membrane permeability and discusses recent advances in molecular approaches that are improving our knowledge of the physico-chemical parameters that govern the translocation of antibiotics through porin channel

Raw vegetable salad consumers in full-service restaurants

The purpose of this paper is to identify the profiles of those frequenting full-service restaurants and eating raw vegetable salads, as well as to analyze the influence of socio-demographic variables and of the tendency for social desirability in consumption frequencies. A non-probabilistic consumer sample (n = 630) was interviewed in the city of Campinas, Brazil. Besides the frequency of eating in full-service restaurants and the frequency of eating salads (as a function of the meal type and week day) in this type of restaurant, the survey instrument was also composed by socio-demographic variables and a social desirability scale. To compare data, non-parametric tests were used. Findings - Of the interviewees, 52.3 percent were shown to eat in full-service restaurants at least once a week. The frequency of eating salads in full-service restaurant stood out as being significantly higher (p < 0.05) for weekday lunches. Individuals who graduated in the areas of health or food showed a significantly higher frequency for the consumption of salads at weekends. Apparently the social desirability did not influence the responses of the consumers with respect to the frequencies studied. The sample was of a non-probabilistic type, bringing reservations with respect to generalizations. Practical implications - Socio-demographic variables should be considered in elaborating strategies for promoting vegetable salads consumption in restaurants. Health and nutrition education programs can be effective in aiding consumers to choose healthier food in this context. Studies about frequency of salad consumption in restaurants are scarce. The influence of social desirability bias on reported frequency was analyzed in this paper1173SI11361149CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ143493/2008-

Bibliometric analysis of themes competitive intelligence, knowledge management and organizational knowledge in Institutional Repository University of Brasília

Trata da análise dos temas Inteligência Competitiva (IC), Gestão do Conhecimento (GC) e Conhecimento Organizacional (CO), no Repositório Institucional da Universidade da Brasília (RIUnB), que está disponível em acesso aberto desde setembro de 2008. O objetivo é verificar a produção científica sobre as áreas de pesquisa, a partir dos documentos que constam no RIUnB. O método de trabalho consistiu nos estudos bibliométricos, a fim de se inteirar sobre a produção de trabalhos referentes ao conhecimento resultante do desenvolvimento de pesquisas no âmbito institucional, para conhecer a comunidade. Os resultados apontam para um crescimento notório desses temas na ciência da informação, com perspectiva de crescimento em outras áreas: administração, engenharia elétrica, educação e gestão social e trabalho, demonstrando sua potencial interdisciplinaridade; houve maior concentração de publicação nos temas gestão do conhecimento, conhecimento organizacional e inteligência competitiva, respectivamente, e existe uma concentração dessas publicações em três pesquisadores na comunidade da Faculdade de Ciência da Informação (FCI). Conclui-se que os temas são mais frequentes na área de ciência da informação, entretanto, nota-se o seu aparecimento em outras áreas do conhecimento, na UnB: administração, engenharia elétrica, educação e gestão social e do trabalho. Esses dados podem revelar uma tendência de consolidação dos temas de pesquisa em outras áreas. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThis analysis of topics Competitive Intelligence (CI), Knowledge Management (KM) and Organizational Knowledge (CO) in the Institutional Repository of the University of Brasília (RIUnB) which is available in open access since September 2008. The aim is to check the scientific literature on the research areas from the documents listed in RIUnB. The working method consisted in bibliometric studies, in order to learn about the production of works relating to knowledge resulting from research development at the institutional level to know the community. The results indicate a remarkable growth of these themes in information science, with growth prospects in other areas: administration, electrical engineering, management and education and social work, demonstrating its potential interdisciplinarity, there was a higher concentration of publishing on issues of knowledge management, organizational knowledge and competitive intelligence, respectively, and there is a concentration of such publications in three community researchers in the Faculty of Information Science (FCI). We conclude that the issues are more frequent in the area of information science, however, note its appearance in other areas of knowledge in UNB: administration, electrical engineering, education and social management and labor. These data may reveal a trend of consolidation of research topics in other areas