Cognition, culture and utility:Plant classification by Paraguayan immigrant farmers in Misiones, Argentina

Background: This study was conducted in three rural communities of small farmers of Paraguayan origin living in the province of Misiones, Argentina. These Criollos (Mestizos) hail chiefly from departments located in the east of Paraguay, where the climate and flora have similar characteristics as those in Misiones. These ecological features contribute to the continuation and maintenance of knowledge and practices related to the use of plants. Methods: Fieldwork was conducted between September 2014 and August 2015. Forty five informants from three rural localities situated along the Parana River participated in an ethno-classification task. For the classification event, photographs of 30 medicinal and edible plants were chosen, specifically those yielding the highest frequency of mention among the members of that community (based on data obtained in the first stage of research in 2014). Variation in local plant classifications was examined and compared using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Results: We found that people classify plants according to application or use (primarily medicinal, to a lesser extent as edible). Morphology is rarely taken into account, even for very similar and closely-related species such as varieties of palms. In light of our findings, we highlight a dominant functionality model at work in the process of plant cognition and classification among farmers of Paraguayan origin. Salient cultural beliefs and practices associated with rural Paraguayan plant-based medicine are described. Additionally, the manner by which residents’ concepts of plants articulate with local folk epistemology is discussed. Conclusions: Culturally constructed use patterns ultimately override morphological variables in rural Paraguayans’ ethnobotanical classification.Antecedentes: Este trabajo se realizó con pequeños agricultores de origen paraguayo, que habitan en la provincia de Misiones, Argentina. Los criollos (mestizos) en su mayoría provienen de departamentos ubicados al oriente del Paraguay, donde el clima y la flora presentan características similares a la provincia de Misiones. Estas características ecológicas contribuyen a la continuación y el mantenimiento de los conocimientos y las prácticas relacionados al uso de las plantas. Métodos El trabajo de campo se realizó entre septiembre de 2014 y agosto de 2015. En la etnoclasificación participaron 45 informantes, provenientes de tres localidades rurales, situadas a lo largo del río Paraná, frontera entre los dos países. Para la clasificación se utilizaron imágenes fotográficas de 30 especies -comestibles y medicinales- preseleccionadas como las de mayor frecuencia de mención entre los habitantes de la región (a partir de los datos obtenidos en una primera etapa de investigación en el año 2014). Por medio del análisis de componentes principales y el análisis de agrupamiento (cluster) se contrastaron y compararon las variaciones en las etnoclasificaciones locales de plantas. Resultados Se encontró que los pobladores clasifican sus plantas según su aplicación y uso (mayormente asociadas a la categoría medicinal y en menor medida a la comestible). Mientras, la morfología rara vez se tiene en cuenta, incluso en aquellas especies muy similares y estrechamente relacionadas como las palmeras. A la luz de los hallazgos, se destaca un modelo de funcionalidad dominante en el proceso de cognición y de clasificación de las plantas entre los agricultores de origen paraguayo. Se describen las principales creencias y prácticas culturales asociadas a la medicina rural paraguaya. Adicionalmente, se discuten algunos de los conceptos de las plantas que mantienen los paraguayos y su articulación con la epistemología local. Conclusiones En la clasificación etnobotánica de los pobladores de origen paraguayo los patrones de uso construidos culturalmente tienen mayor peso que las variables morfológicas.Fil: Kujawska, Monika. University Of Lodz; ArgentinaFil: Jiménez Escobar, Néstor David. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Antropología de Córdoba. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades. Instituto de Antropología de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Nolan, Justin M.. University Of Arkansas; Estados UnidosFil: Arias Mutis, Daniel. University of Groningen; Países Bajo

Introducción a los origamis matemáticos y el paso de un origami plano a un origami en papel esférico

En esta entrega del Paskín Matemático, además de los artículos usuales de muy buena exposición matemática, tenemos la nueva sección Paskín-Challenge un problema matemático dirigido a los estudiantes de colegio, quienes podrán poner a prueba su creatividad, astucia y conocimientos matemáticos para intentar solucionarlo. Este problema viene con recompensas muy interesantes, ¡Anímate a resolverlo!Este trabajo explora el origami como una herramienta matemática, presentando su relación con la geometría y sus aplicaciones en la construcción de objetos imposibles con regla y compás, como el heptágono. A través del estudio de pliegues, se abordan conceptos como la combinatoria, los problemas NP-completos y las transformaciones de curvatura. Finalmente, se llega a la construcción de origami sobre una superficie esférica, aplicando proyecciones estereográficas.This work explores origami as a mathematical tool, showing its relationship with geometry and its applications in constructing objects impossible to build with compass and straightedge, such as the heptagon. Through the study of folds, concepts like combinatorics, NP-complete problems, and curvature transformations are discussed. Finally, origami on a spherical surface is constructed using stereographic projections

Origamis Matematicos

Esta trabajo aborda los origamis matemáticos, iniciando con la formalización del objeto, la cual involucra conceptos de geometría diferencial y teoría de grafos principalmente, con lo cual se define el proceso de plegado de un origami como una inmersión de un subconjunto de R2 en R3. Las propiedades de la inmersión dependen fundamentalmente del patrón de pliegues sobre el papel, los cuales determinan la forma final de la figura. El estudio del plegado de un origami inicia sobre los vértices del patrón de pliegues, estos son los puntos sobre la hoja en que se encuentran varios pliegues. Al caracterizarlos, encontramos una serie de teoremas y resultados que nos permiten decidir si cada vértice individual podrá ser plegado o no. Al concluir esta caracterización, abordamos el problema de plegar plano el patrón de pliegues completo, un problema computacionalmenteNP-difícil. Estudiaremos el problema de plegar una tira de estampillas y estableceremos algunas de sus propiedades combinatorias. Pasaremos luego al pliegue de Miura-Ori, un pliegue compuesto por vértices en el que confluyen cuatro pliegues. Veremos que definir la orientación de todos los pliegues es un problema relacionado con el coloreado de una cuadricula de 3 colores. Definiremos entonces la complejidad computacional y enunciaremos el famoso problema de P vs NP y finalizaremos con la demostración de que el problema de pliegue de un Origami es un problema NP-completo.This work deals with mathematical origami, starting with the formalization of the object, which involves concepts of differential geometry and graph theory concepts of differential geometry and graph theory mainly, with which the folding process of an origami is defined as an immersion of a subset of R2 in R2 into R2. The folding process of an origami is defined as an immersion of a subset of R2 in R3. R3. The properties of the immersion depend fundamentally on the pattern of folds on the paper, which determine the the paper, which determine the final shape of the figure. The study of the folding of an origami begins on the vertices of the fold pattern, these are the points on the sheet where several folds meet. By characterizing them, we find a series of theorems and results a series of theorems and results that allow us to decide if each individual vertex can be folded or not. folded or not. At the conclusion of this characterization, we address the problem of flat folding the complete fold pattern, a computationally NP-hard problem. a computationally NP-hard problem. We will study the problem of folding a and establish some of its combinatorial properties. We will then move on to the Miura-Ori fold, a fold composed of vertices where four folds meet. We will see that defining the orientation of all the folds is a problem related to the coloring of a 3-color grid. of a 3-color grid. We will then define the computational complexity and state the famous problem of P vs NP and we will finish with the proof that the Origami folding problem is an NP-complete problem. NP-complete problem.MatemáticoPregradoMatemáticas pura

Efecto de la disciplina deportiva sobre valores hematológicos en hombres deportistas

Se establecieron los volúmenes sanguíneos y la masa de Hb (método de retoma de CO) y el consumo de oxígeno máximo (VO2max) en 15 individuos sedentarios de Bogotá (UT-Bog), 17 deportistas de diferentes disciplinas residentes en Bogotá (TR-Bog), divididos por deporte (marcha, cinco; patinaje, siete; triatlón, cinco) y cuatro deportistas provenientes de Sao Paulo (Brasil), que permanecieron ocho semanas en Bogotá, Colombia y a los que se les efectuaron dos medidas, a las dos (Brasil 1) y a las siete (Brasil 2) semana. Hubo diferencia significativa en el VO2max entre TR-Bog (65,4 +/- 7,9), Brasil 1 y 2 (56,2 +/- 1,7, y 55,8 +/- 2,8,

Development and characterization of an experimental model of diet induced metabolic syndrome in rabbit.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has become one of the main concerns for public health because of its link to cardiovascular disease. Murine models have been used to study the effect of MetS on the cardiovascular system, but they have limitations for studying cardiac electrophysiology. In contrast, the rabbit cardiac electrophysiology is similar to human, but a detailed characterization of the different components of MetS in this animal is still needed. Our objective was to develop and characterize a diet-induced experimental model of MetS that allows the study of cardiovascular remodeling and arrhythmogenesis. Male NZW rabbits were assigned to control (n = 15) or MetS group (n = 16), fed during 28 weeks with high-fat, high-sucrose diet. We measured weight, morphological characteristics, blood pressure, glycaemia, standard plasma biochemistry and the metabolomic profile at weeks 14 and 28. Liver histological changes were evaluated using hematoxylin-eosin staining. A mixed model ANOVA or unpaired t-test were used for statistical analysis (P<0.05). Weight, abdominal contour, body mass index, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure increased in the MetS group at weeks 14 and 28. Glucose, triglycerides, LDL, GOT-AST, GOT/GPT, bilirubin and bile acid increased, whereas HDL decreased in the MetS group at weeks 14 and 28. We found a 40% increase in hepatocyte area and lipid vacuoles infiltration in the liver from MetS rabbits. Metabolomic analysis revealed differences in metabolites related to fatty acids, energetic metabolism and microbiota, compounds linked with cardiovascular disease. Administration of high-fat and high-sucrose diet during 28 weeks induced obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertension, non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis and metabolic alterations, thus reproducing the main clinical manifestations of the metabolic syndrome in humans. This experimental model should provide a valuable tool for studies into the mechanisms of cardiovascular problems related to MetS, with special relevance in the study of cardiovascular remodeling, arrhythmias and SCD

Development and characterization of an experimental model of diet-induced metabolic syndrome in rabbit.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has become one of the main concerns for public health because of its link to cardiovascular disease. Murine models have been used to study the effect of MetS on the cardiovascular system, but they have limitations for studying cardiac electrophysiology. In contrast, the rabbit cardiac electrophysiology is similar to human, but a detailed characterization of the different components of MetS in this animal is still needed. Our objective was to develop and characterize a diet-induced experimental model of MetS that allows the study of cardiovascular remodeling and arrhythmogenesis. Male NZW rabbits were assigned to control (n = 15) or MetS group (n = 16), fed during 28 weeks with high-fat, high-sucrose diet. We measured weight, morphological characteristics, blood pressure, glycaemia, standard plasma biochemistry and the metabolomic profile at weeks 14 and 28. Liver histological changes were evaluated using hematoxylin-eosin staining. A mixed model ANOVA or unpaired t-test were used for statistical analysis (P<0.05). Weight, abdominal contour, body mass index, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure increased in the MetS group at weeks 14 and 28. Glucose, triglycerides, LDL, GOT-AST, GOT/GPT, bilirubin and bile acid increased, whereas HDL decreased in the MetS group at weeks 14 and 28. We found a 40% increase in hepatocyte area and lipid vacuoles infiltration in the liver from MetS rabbits. Metabolomic analysis revealed differences in metabolites related to fatty acids, energetic metabolism and microbiota, compounds linked with cardiovascular disease. Administration of high-fat and high-sucrose diet during 28 weeks induced obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertension, non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis and metabolic alterations, thus reproducing the main clinical manifestations of the metabolic syndrome in humans. This experimental model should provide a valuable tool for studies into the mechanisms of cardiovascular problems related to MetS, with special relevance in the study of cardiovascular remodeling, arrhythmias and SCD