Bizanțul în filtrul balcanic – poezie română din a doua jumătate a secolului XX / Byzantium in Balkanic filter – Romanian poetry in the second part of twentieth century

Talking about Balkanism in Romanian contemporary poetry means to betray, to a certain extent required by degradation or alteration, some literary themes and motifs. Finding ourselves in a geographical area of cultural contaminations, the influence of other peoples in Balkans comes naturally: the nostalgia of Byzantium perfection, continuous reporting at an ideal time, abstraction of the chronology. Balkan themes and motives in poetry are identifiable from the early writings of Romanian literature, including the folklore, with Anton Pann, the Vacarescu and Conachi poets – and their ludic descriptivism – , to Ion Barbu, who strikes a metaphysical note in the Balkan motifs, and later, in the second part of twentieth century, with the species of parody. The Romanian native receptivity allowed continuous assimilations without creating an unpleasant heterogeneous feeling. This openness has contributed decisively in a formative way to bring Byzantium on a new soil in a perfect and saturated array; the perfectibility is not possible anymore, so the failure was natural, in a degraded status – Constantinople. Oriental-Byzantine gravity becomes in Oriental-Balkan tragedy or comedy, balance slid to one extreme, sometime becoming ridiculous. Contemporary poetry does not express any more a true lament, but a kind of parody (in ludic poetry) or sheer contempt (in the solemn poetry). The Balkan intelligence is not critical, but creative, with the risk of perpetuating monstrous forms, beyond good and evil. Byzantium established itself through a double filter – for the East and for the West – influencing and being influenced, in turn. Romanian poetry has the full sequence of themes and aesthetic formulae, from tragic to comic, often switching rapidly from one edge to the other, taking into account the old Thracian solemn part, then the proud Byzantium and its absorption in Constantinople – all rolling in a series of formal expressions reflected in themes and vocabulary

Національності в імперіальному контексті (Лівіу Ребряну «Ліс повішених»)

The creator of the Romanian psychological novel, next to Camille Petrescu and Hortensia Papadat-Benesscu, was Liviu Riavanu. The novel The Forest of the Hanged describes the dramatic event of the execution of the author's brother, Emil Rebryanu, an officer of the Austro-Hungarian army for attempting to flee. The purpose of the article is to analyze the evolution of the national idea in the context of the historical mentality in the novel of the Romanian writer. It is noted that despite all the innovations in the narrative art of the genre mentioned, the author remains "promoter of geometric architectures". As Rebreanu himself admits, the issues raised in the artistic work exceeded the private sphere and became a symbolic drama for the Romanians from Transylvania, forced to raise arms against their fellow men. The literature of that period, as the depository of time and space, depicts all aspects of the age. Conclusions. The writer defined the symbols of the era, which he condemns as driving in the conflict between the Romanians of Transylvania and the South of the Carpathians.Le créateur du roman psychologique roumain, à côté de Camille Petrescu et Hortensia Papadat-Benesscu, était Liviu Riavanu. Le roman The Forest of the Hanged décrit l'événement dramatique de l'exécution du frère de l'auteur, Emil Rebryanu, un officier de l'armée austro-hongroise qui tentait de s'enfuir. Objet de l'article - d'analyser l'évolution de l'idée nationale dans le contexte du roman historique dans la mentalité de l'écrivain roumain. Il est à noter que, malgré toutes les innovations dans l'art narratif mentionné genre, l'auteur reste une « architecture géométrique promoteur. » Comme Rebreanu reconnaît lui-même, les questions soulevées dans une œuvre artistique, dépassent la sphère privée et de devenir un drame symbolique des Roumains de Transylvanie, contraints de prendre les armes contre leurs frères. La littérature de cette période, en tant que dépositaire du temps et de l'espace, représente tous les aspects de l'âge. Conclusions L'écrivain a défini les symboles de l'époque, qu'il condamne comme étant le moteur du conflit entre les Roumains de Transylvanie et le Sud des Carpates.Создателем румынского психологического романа рядом с Камилем Петреску и Гортензией Пападат-Бенеску был Ливиу Рябряну. В романе «Лес повешенных» описано драматическое событие казни авторового брата Емиля Ребряну, офицера автро-венгерской армии за попытку бегства. Цель статьи – проанализировать эволюцию национальной идеи в контексте исторической ментальности в романе румынского писателя. Отмечено, что несмотря на все нововведения в нарративном искусстве упомянутого жанра, автор остается «промоутером геометрических архитектур». Как признает сам Ребряну, вопросы, поднятые в художественном труде, превышали частную сферу и стали символической драмой для румын из Трансильвании, вынужденных поднять оружие против своих собратьев. Литература того периода, как депозитарий времени и пространства, изображает все аспекты эпохи. Выводы. Писатель определил символы эпохи, которые и осуждает как движущие в конфликте между румынами Трансильвании и Юга Карпат.Творцем румунського психологічного роману поруч з Камілем Петреску і Гортензією Пападат-Бенеску був Лівіу Рябряну. У романі «Ліс повішених» описано драматична подія страти авторового брата Еміля Ребряну, офіцера автро-угорської армії за спробу втечі. Мета статті - проаналізувати еволюцію національної ідеї в контексті історичної ментальності в романі румунського письменника. Відзначено, що незважаючи на всі нововведення в нарративном мистецтві згаданого жанру, автор залишається «промоутером геометричних архітектур». Як визнає сам Ребряну, питання, підняті в художньому праці, перевищували приватну сферу і стали символічною драмою для румунів з Трансільванії, вимушених підняти зброю проти своїх побратимів. Література того періоду, як депозитарій часу і простору, зображує всі аспекти епохи. Висновки. Письменник визначив символи епохи, які і засуджує як рушійні в конфлікті між румунами Трансільванії і Півдня Карпат

Mihai Eminescu – floral aesthetic codes

The aim of investigation. The floral symbol manifests intself according to the aesthetic codes of each literary era. For romantic creators the outside world begins to lose its meaning so that the real nature will be subordinated by them to the inner movements of feelings. The literary motif of the blue flower consecrated by Novalis in German romanticism is the desire to access a higher spiritual life because in romanticism literature becomes a means of knowing the world not just mirroring it, no matter how elaborate this reflection. With reverberation in Mihai Eminescu`s poetry this floral motif is originally autochthonous along with other floral aesthetic codes. The method of research. Constructive comparativism or third-degree comparativism is the method used amd is based on relationship of dependence or influence between at least two texts. Thus, there are certain myths, themes, motives that radiate from one culture to another, from one era to another, enriching their meaning according to new visions about the world and life. Conclusion. From the dawn of literature until now aesthetic codes including floral ones have been constant they being part of the mythical structure of humanity. The relation between literary works, the contacts berween national literatures and the circulation in time of ideas materialize in the taking of some forms, of some suggestions regarding the stylistic construction or the interpretation of the phenomena from the objective world.</jats:p

NATIONALITIES IN THE IMPERIAL CONTEXT (LIVIU REBREANU «FOREST OF THE HANGED»)

Деребуш К. Национальности в империальном контексте (Ливиу Ребряну «Лес повешенных»). Создателем румынского психологического романа рядом с Камилем Петреску и Гортензией Пападат-Бенеску был Ливиу Рябряну. В романе «Лес повешенных» описано драматическое событие казни авторового брата Емиля Ребряну, офицера авcтровенгерской армии за попытку бегства. Цель статьи – проанализировать эволюцию национальной идеи в контексте исторической ментальности в романе румынского писателя. Отмечено, что несмотря на все нововведения в нарративном искусстве упомянутого жанра, автор остается «промоутером геометрических архитектур». Как признает сам Ребряну, вопросы, поднятые в художественном труде, превышали частную сферу и стали символической драмой для румын из Трансильвании, вынужденных поднять оружие против своих собратьев. Литература того периода, как депозитарий времени и пространства, изображает все аспекты эпохи. Выводы. Писатель определил символы эпохи, которые и осуждает как движущие в конфликте между румынами Трансильвании и Юга Карпат.Darabus C. Nationalities in the imperial context (Liviu Rebreanu «Forest of hanged»). Aim of investigation. The evolution of the idea of the nation in the context of the history of mentalities has juggled between the overbid of ethnos in shaping collective identity or in his supra-national identities melt of Communist origin, more recently-corporate, and the sources of diversity have changed along the time, contemporary ones being the rivers especially the phenomenon of migration and ethno-political division, diversification which force to consider the multinational democracy. Not that stood on top of things, in a Central Europe contorted by interests they had lost under the impulse of coagulation during the 19th century, century of exacerbation of the idea of nation based on ethnic factor. Creator of the psychological Romanian novel, alongside Camil Petrescu and Hortensia PapadatBengescu, Liviu Rebreanu evokes, in the novel Forest of the Hanged the dramatic event of his brother's execution, Emil Rebreanu, an officer in the Austro-Hungarian army, for attempted escape. The method of this research it is a socio-literary one, based on the concepts of "nation" and "multiculturalism" in the beginning of the 20th century. The report collectivity/ individuality, sociopolitical landscape/consciousness acquires different consistency in the context of World War I. The dominance of the normative multiculturalism not facilitates the communication and the homogenization of interests, but contrary, accentuates them. These generalizations are customized through an individual experience that of the Romanian officer Apostol Bologa, forced to obey to fight on the military camp against the others Romanians, located at the south of Carpathians. The others characters belong, also, to others ethnic groups, placed at the beginning of the 20th century, in the AustroHungarian Empire, and living, in turn, the limits of this normative multiculturalism.Some of them prefer prudence and concealing, and some of them, as Svoboda and Bologa, are choosing radical solutions by desertion. It's the only way to solve the problems of conscience. The key point of the novel is the discussion in the military canteen, between officers, a miniature debating of the inhabitants of the Empire, concerning the notion of authority.Scientific novelty: the article proposes an interdisciplinary approach, at the intersection of the literary studies with the sociology (especially the behavior of the multiethnic group) and the psychology. Conclusion: in a context of crises, the characters valued the importance of humanity; Apostol Bologa shall be released of anguish by death, rescaling which heroism mean

Bizanțul în filtrul balcanic – poezie română din a doua jumătate a secolului XX / Byzantium in Balkanic filter – Romanian poetry in the second part of twentieth century

Talking about Balkanism in Romanian contemporary poetry means to betray, to a certain extent required by degradation or alteration, some literary themes and motifs. Finding ourselves in a geographical area of cultural contaminations, the influence of other peoples in Balkans comes naturally: the nostalgia of Byzantium perfection, continuous reporting at an ideal time, abstraction of the chronology. Balkan themes and motives in poetry are identifiable from the early writings of Romanian literature, including the folklore, with Anton Pann, the Vacarescu and Conachi poets – and their ludic descriptivism – , to Ion Barbu, who strikes a metaphysical note in the Balkan motifs, and later, in the second part of twentieth century, with the species of parody. The Romanian native receptivity allowed continuous assimilations without creating an unpleasant heterogeneous feeling. This openness has contributed decisively in a formative way to bring Byzantium on a new soil in a perfect and saturated array; the perfectibility is not possible anymore, so the failure was natural, in a degraded status – Constantinople. Oriental-Byzantine gravity becomes in Oriental-Balkan tragedy or comedy, balance slid to one extreme, sometime becoming ridiculous. Contemporary poetry does not express any more a true lament, but a kind of parody (in ludic poetry) or sheer contempt (in the solemn poetry). The Balkan intelligence is not critical, but creative, with the risk of perpetuating monstrous forms, beyond good and evil. Byzantium established itself through a double filter – for the East and for the West – influencing and being influenced, in turn. Romanian poetry has the full sequence of themes and aesthetic formulae, from tragic to comic, often switching rapidly from one edge to the other, taking into account the old Thracian solemn part, then the proud Byzantium and its absorption in Constantinople – all rolling in a series of formal expressions reflected in themes and vocabulary.</jats:p

The efficacy of the product Albendazole 10% of gastrointestinal nematode parasitism in sheep tested

Trichostrongylids are helminths of ruminants, located gastro intestinally. The disease generated by them is clinically manifested mainly by: diarrhea, weight loss, anemia and cachexia. They are produced by parasites belonging to the family Trichostrongylidae with genres: Ostertagia, Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia and Nematodirus. The study was accomplished in 2013 in Hidiseul de Sus village, Bihor County, and aimed to test the effectiveness of the Albendazole 10% in the natural infestations with gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. Sheep studied consisted of 60 individuals from Turcana breed. Feces were examined by flotation method and to know the infestation level McMaster method was used, calculating the EPG value on day 0 of treatment, day 7 and day 14 post treatments. Anthelmintic efficacy (E%) of the used product was of 97.03% after the FECRT formula. For a more meaningful expression it was used also Presidente and Borgsteede relations, where the result of efficiency for the tested product was 98% for both formulas