Le système d’écriture des minuscules latines manuscrites en usage dans les écoles françaises : intérêt de la prise en compte de ce système pour l’enseignement de l’écriture manuscrite

Our processes are based on the fact that more and more children have difficulties with handwriting. Its aim is to propose a basis for thought on which a structured teaching of handwriting could lean. Our research focuses on Latin handwritten cursive small letters used in French schools. We made the assumption that this writing - a French school product - constitutes a system, the elements of which can be named and the functioning described. This hypothesis leads to the viewpoint that to take this system into account could be a help in the teaching of writing. Our choice is backed up by the results of neurosciences which show that to write with the hand would be a help in learning to read. From the analysis of comments on the legibility of a corpus of handwritings, we shall show how this system is built and what hierarchic and functional relations its elements continuously use with each other. We shall see that the heart of the system would be organized into two minimal units. Each of them set up as a basic form and two derivatives for the one, three for the other. The system constituted by these seven forms would allow all of the Latin cursive small letters used in France to be written. As an opening towards others projects, we submitted this system to the recognition of letters by children at nursery school. We noticed an improvement of the score between before and after a session of collective commented observation of the letters. This research about Latin handwritten cursive small letters brought us to make certain pedagogical proposals for the training of teachers.Notre démarche repose sur le constat que de plus en plus d’enfants sont en difficulté d’écriture. Elle vise à proposer une base de réflexion sur laquelle pourrait s’appuyer un enseignement structuré de l’écriture. Notre recherche porte sur l’écriture des lettres minuscules cursives manuscrites latines en usage dans les écoles françaises. Nous avons fait l’hypothèse que cette écriture, produit de l’école française, constitue un système dont nous pouvons désigner les éléments et définir le fonctionnement. Cette hypothèse ouvre sur la perspective que la prise en compte de ce système pourrait être une aide à l’apprentissage de l’écriture. Notre choix est conforté par les résultats des neurosciences qui montrent qu’écrire à la main serait une aide à l’apprentissage de la lecture. A partir de l’analyse de commentaires sur la lisibilité d’un corpus d’écritures manuscrites, nous montrerons comment est construit ce système et quelles relations hiérarchiques et fonctionnelles ses éléments entretiennent entre eux. Nous y verrons que le cœur du système s’organiserait en deux unités minimales, déclinées chacune en une forme de base et deux dérivées pour l’une, trois dérivées pour l’autre. Le système constitué par l’ensemble de ces sept formes permettrait d’écrire toutes les lettres minuscules cursives latines en usage en France.En ouverture vers d’autres projets, nous avons mis ce système à l’épreuve de la reconnaissance des lettres par des enfants d’école maternelle. Nous avons constaté une amélioration du score entre avant et après une séance d’observation commentée collective. Cette recherche sur le système d’écriture des lettres minuscules cursives latines nous a conduite à avancer des propositions pédagogiques pour l’enseignement de l’écriture

Synthese et fonctionnalisation du polypropylene

SIGLEAvailable from INIST (FR), Document Supply Service, under shelf-number : T 77944 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

Copolymerization propene non-conjugated dienes: derivatization through hydroboration and epoxidation

International audienceThe approach described in this paper involved copolymerization of propene with a non conjugated diene so that only one of the two double bonds is incorporated by copolymerization; the second double bond may then be further engaged in a chemical reaction. We will describe here the synthesis of the copolymers and their derivatization through hydroboration and also epoxidation

General aspects of activation-deactivation processes with Ziegler-Natta olefin polymerization catalysts

International audienceActivation and deactivation are observed with all Ziegler-Natta catalysts in all polymerization processes. With the exception of active center destruction which can be observed for instance at high temperature, most of the apparent deactivations are reversible. On the contrary, irreversible aspects of the reaction in order to try to define the reaction steps involved in these processes

Antidiarrhoeal properties of a novel sigma ligand (JO 2871) on toxigenic diarrhoea in mice: mechanisms of action

Background and aims: Sigma ligands display antisecretory activity against various secretagogues, suggesting antidiarrhoeal properties. In this study, we evaluated: (i) the antidiarrhoeal effect of JO 2871, a high affinity sigma ligand, in three models of toxigenic diarrhoea in mice; and (ii) the site and mechanism of action of this compound. Methods: Faeces were collected after toxin or vehicle administration in male DBA2 or NMRI mice. Diarrhoea was determined by cumulative stool weight (mg) over a 120 minute period. Diarrhoea was induced by intravenous administration of Salmonella enteriditis lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or oral administration of Escherichia coli heat stable (E coli-sta) or Clostridium difficile toxins. Two sigma ligands, igmesine and JO 2871, were administered either orally or intravenously, 60 and 30 minutes before the toxins, respectively. JO 2871 was also given orally 30 minutes after E coli-sta. In addition, JO 2871 was administered intracerebroventricularly five minutes before LPS and E coli-sta. BMY 14802 (1000 μg/kg orally), a sigma receptor antagonist, or cyclosomatostatin (CSS 1 μg/kg intravenously), a somatostatin antagonist, were given five minutes prior to JO 2871 in LPS, E coli-sta, and C difficile toxin treated mice. Gastric emptying and intestinal transit were evaluated after oral JO 2871 and BMY 14802 and intravenous CSS. Results: Stool weight measured 120 minutes after administration of the toxins was significantly increased. Oral JO 2871 and igmesine dose dependently inhibited toxigenic diarrhoea in all models. ED(50) values obtained using JO 2871 (1–20 μg/kg) were more than 40 times lower than those obtained with igmesine. Oral JO 2871 given after E coli-sta also inhibited diarrhoea in a dose dependent manner (ED(50) 50 μg/kg). Both sigma ligands were active by the intravenous route on LPS and E coli-sta induced stool weight increases. JO 2871 administered intracerebroventricularly failed to block this effect at any dose tested. Both BMY 14802 and CSS reversed the antidiarrhoeal effect of oral JO 2871. JO 2871, BMY 14802, and CSS did not affect transit parameters. Conclusions: JO 2871 exerts a potent oral antidiarrhoeal effect, acting peripherally through sigma sites and somatostatin release

Lack of involvement of type 7 phosphodiesterase in an experimental model of asthma.

International audienceType 7 phosphodiesterases (PDE7) are responsible for the decrease of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) in many cells involved in allergic asthma by suppressing their potential to respond to many activating stimuli. The elevation of intracellular cAMP has been associated with immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activities and represents a potential treatment of asthma. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of the deletion of the murine phosphodiesterase (PDE)7B gene and then to evaluate the efficacy of a newly described selective PDE7A and -B inhibitor on an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity (AHR) model in mice. Inflammation was determined 72 h after single OVA challenge or 24 h after multiple challenges by the relative cell influx and cytokine content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. AHR and immunoglobulin E levels in serum were determined after multiple challenges. For the first time, we have demonstrated that the deletion of the PDE7B gene or the pharmacological inhibition of PDE7A and -B had no effect on all the parameters looked at in this model. These results highlight the absence of any implication of the PDE7 enzyme in our model