Methods for Ex Post Economic Evaluation of Free Trade Agreements

Evaluating the economic impact of an FTA is an important part of the monitoring and surveying process that should follow the establishment of an FTA. This paper presents methods for evaluating the trade and welfare effects of an FTA. These methods show how to (i) compute indicators for the utilization and value of preferences, (ii) qualitatively assess trade creation and diversion, (iii) quantitatively analyze the FTA‘s trade effects with trade indicators and the gravity model, and (iv) make inferences about economic welfare. This paper specifies the formulas, computational techniques, and data used for each evaluation method, and describes how to interpret the output from each method with examples taken from countries such as Viet Nam, Indonesia, and Cambodia. The strengths and limitations of each method are also discussed.regionalization; evaluation methods; preferential tariffs; trade indicators; gravity model; free trade agreements; Asia

FDI Effects of ASEAN Integration

For the past two decades, ASEAN Member States have pursued intra-regional market liberalization in order to provide more flexibility to multinationals and therefore promote the region as a competitive production platform. Attracting FDI has been a key objective of this regional project. This paper describes and analyzes recent trends in FDI to and among ASEAN countries, mainly comparing FDI patterns before and after the Asian Crisis, to characterize and assess the region‟s strategies to liberalize and facilitate investment. We find that FDI flows to ASEAN countries suffered after the Asian Crisis but have picked up since 2005. Moreover, ASEAN FDI is dominated by Singapore. In addition, the sectoral distribution of FDI has changed in some members of ASEAN (i.e., Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand) but not in others. We also perform an econometric analysis of the determinants of FDI to check for ASEAN-specific changes in FDI in the post-Crisis period. Our results, after controlling for a host of factors, indicate that ASEAN countries suffered a fall in total FDI but experienced an increase in intra-regional FDI after 1998. Moreover, we do not find any significant impact of FDI in China on ASEAN FDI.Association of South-east Asian Nations (ASEAN); Foreign Direct Investment (FDI); Economic Integration; Knowledge Capital Model

FDI EFFECTS OF ASEAN INTEGRATION

For the past two decades, ASEAN Member States have pursued intra-regional market liberalization in order to provide more flexibility to multinationals and therefore promote the region as a competitive production platform. Attracting FDI has been a key objective of this regional project. This paper describes and analyzes recent trends in FDI to and among ASEAN countries, mainly comparing FDI patterns before and after the Asian Crisis, to characterize and assess the region?s strategies to liberalize and facilitate investment. We find that FDI flows to ASEAN countries suffered after the Asian Crisis but have picked up since 2005. Moreover, ASEAN FDI is dominated by Singapore. In addition, the sectoral distribution of FDI has changed in some members of ASEAN (i.e., Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand) but not in others. We also perform an econometric analysis of the determinants of FDI to check for ASEAN-specific changes in FDI in the post-Crisis period. Our results, after controlling for a host of factors, indicate that ASEAN countries suffered a fall in total FDI but experienced an increase in intra-regional FDI after 1998. Moreover, we do not find any significant impact of FDI in China on ASEAN FDI.ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN), FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI), ECONOMIC INTEGRATION, ASEAN INVESTMENT AREA, KNOWLEDGE CAPITAL MODEL

Covering many points with a small-area box

Let $P$ be a set of $n$ points in the plane. We show how to find, for a given integer $k>0$, the smallest-area axis-parallel rectangle that covers $k$ points of $P$ in $O(nk^2 \log n+ n\log^2 n)$ time. We also consider the problem of, given a value $\alpha>0$, covering as many points of $P$ as possible with an axis-parallel rectangle of area at most $\alpha$. For this problem we give a probabilistic $(1-\varepsilon)$-approximation that works in near-linear time: In $O((n/\varepsilon^4)\log^3 n \log (1/\varepsilon))$ time we find an axis-parallel rectangle of area at most $\alpha$ that, with high probability, covers at least $(1-\varepsilon)\mathrm{\kappa^*}$ points, where $\mathrm{\kappa^*}$ is the maximum possible number of points that could be covered

Methods for Ex Post Economic Evaluation of Free Trade Agreements

Evaluating the economic impact of an FTA is an important part of the monitoring and surveying process that should follow the establishment of an FTA. This paper presents methods for evaluating the trade and welfare effects of an FTA. These methods show how to (i) compute indicators for the utilization and value of preferences, (ii) qualitatively assess trade creation and diversion, (iii) quantitatively analyze the FTA‘s trade effects with trade indicators and the gravity model, and (iv) make inferences about economic welfare. This paper specifies the formulas, computational techniques, and data used for each evaluation method, and describes how to interpret the output from each method with examples taken from countries such as Viet Nam, Indonesia, and Cambodia. The strengths and limitations of each method are also discussed

Absorption coefficients in AlGaInP lattice-matched to GaAs

The absorption coefficient of AlGaInP lattice-matched to GaAs, across the composition range from AlInP to GaInP has been obtained from photocurrent versus wavelength measurements on seven homo-junction AlGaInP PIN diode structures. Due to the sensitivity of the photocurrent measurement technique, values of absorption down to 100 cm−1 have been determined close to the band-gap. From these, the bandgaps in this material system were extracted across the composition range and these corroborate data in the literature that shows the band-gap becoming indirect when the aluminium content, x>0.48

Processing carbon nanotubes with holographic optical tweezers

We report the first demonstration that carbon nanotubes can be trapped and manipulated by optical tweezers. This observation is surprising because individual nanotubes are substantially smaller than the wavelength of light, and thus should not be amenable to optical trapping. Even so, nanotube bundles, and perhaps even individual nanotubes, can be transported at high speeds, deposited onto substrates, untangled, and selectively ablated, all with visible light. The use of holographic optical tweezers, capable of creating hundreds of independent traps simultaneously, suggests opportunities for highly parallel nanotube processing with light.Comment: 3 pages, 1 figur