Studies on the lichen genus Sticta (Schreber) Ach. : 5., Australian species

Twenty five species of Sticta occur in Australia. These are: Sticta baileyi, S. brevipes, S. camarae, S. caperata, S. cyphellulata, S. diversa, S. duplolimbata, S. filix, S. flavocyphellata, S. fuliginosa, S. howei, S. hypopsiloides, S. latifrons, S. limbata, S. marginifera, S. myrioclada, S. pedunculata, S. rutilans, S. sayeri, S. stipitata, S. sublimbata, S. subtomentella, S. variabilis and S. weigelii. A key and descriptions of each taxon are given together with details of biogeography, distribution, ecology and nomenclature. Sticta baileyi, S. flavocyphellata and S. howei are newly described, and Sticta myrioloba (Müll.Arg.) D.J.Galloway comb. & stat. nov., is proposed

Nomenclatural notes on Pseudocyphellaria V : some Brazilian taxa

A new, phyllidiate, white-medulla species with yellow pseudocyphellae and a green photobiont, Pseudocyphellaria kalbii D.J.Galloway, is described from Brazilian collections, and typification and notes on P. aurora (De Not.) Vainio are presented

Introduction:Entrepreneurship education and learning and the real world

It is with great pleasure that we introduce this special issue of Industry and Higher Education. The papers that follow have been selected, reviewed and developed for publication following their original presentation in the ‘Enterprise Education and Entrepreneurial Learning’ tracks of the 36th Annual Conference of the Institute for Small Business and Entrepreneurship (ISBE) held in Cardiff in November 2013

Pulsar Braking Indices Revisited

Using the standard equation for the slowdown of a neutron star, we derive a formula for the braking index via integration rather than the conventional differentiation. The new formula negates the need to measure the second time derivative of the rotation frequency. We show that the method gives similar braking indices for PSR B1509-58 and the Crab pulsar to those already in the literature. We point out that our method is useful for obtaining the braking indices of moderate aged pulsars without the need for long, phase-connected timing solutions. We applied the method to 20 pulsars and discuss the implications of the results. We find that virtually all the derived braking indices are dominated by the effects of (unseen) glitches, the recovery from which corrupts the value of the frequency first derivative. However, any real, large, positive braking index has implications for magnetic field decay and offers support to recent models of pulsar evolution.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, 1 table, accepted by MNRA

Effect of torch angle on arc properties and weld pool shape in stationary GTAW

In this paper, a three dimensional numerical simulation is performed on a stationary arc to study the effect of torch angle in gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) of SS304 stainless steel. A comparison has been made to investigate 90o and 70o torch angles and analyze the effect on arc and weld pool shape. Current density, heat flux and gas shear stress are calculated in the arc region and are used as input to the workpiece to determine the weld pool. Buoyancy and Marangoni shear also affect the weld pool shape and are taken into account. The computed and experimental results are observed symmetric for 90o torch angle. For 70o torch angle, current density and hence the heat flux due to electron contribution is found the maximum behind and heat flux due to conduction and convection is found the maximum ahead of the electrode tip in the welding direction. This makes the maximum of total heat flux symmetric along the arc center. Heat flux due to conduction and convection decreases as the torch angle decreases resulting in a shallow weld pool. The nonsymmetric “w” shaped weld pool is developed by the combined effect of the gas shear and Marangoni convection. It is found that for 70o torch angle, the weld pool becomes non-symmetric, shallow and wide ahead of the electrode tip in the welding direction. The numerical weld pool shapes are verified through experiments

Using Concept Inventories to Measure Understanding

Measuring understanding is notoriously difficult. Indeed, in formulating learning outcomes the word “understanding” is usually avoided, but in the sciences, developing understanding is one of the main aims of instruction. Scientific knowledge is factual, having been tested against empirical observation and experimentation, but knowledge of facts alone is not enough. There are also models and theories containing complex ideas and inter-relationships that must be understood, and considerable attention has been devoted across a range of scientific disciplines to measuring understanding. This case study will focus on one of the main tools employed: the concept inventory and in particular the Force Concept Inventory. The success of concept inventories in physics has spawned concept inventories in chemistry, biology, astronomy, materials science and maths, to name a few. We focus here on the FCI, ask how useful concept inventories are for evaluating learning gains. Finally, we report on recent work by the authors to extend conceptual testing beyond the multiple-choice format

Enhanced differential magnetostrictive response in annealed Terfenol‐D

The field and pressure dependencies of the magnetostriction of Tb0.316Dy0.684Fe1.982 have been measured in a grain‐oriented rod after thermally annealing for 1 day at 850 °C and for 4 days at 950 °C in an argon atmosphere. The results of the heat treatment are a fivefold increase in the strain coefficient d 33(=dλ/dH) and a 100% increase in the maximum strain (λ). There was also an increase in the λ‐vs‐Hhysteresis. Under compressive uniaxial stress there was virtually no bulk change in magnetostrictive strain until the field exceeded a critical value which depended on the applied stress, for instance ∼12 kA/m under a stress of 6 MPa