Charge transport across metal/molecular (alkyl) monolayer-Si junctions is dominated by the LUMO level

We compare the charge transport characteristics of heavy doped p- and n-Si-alkyl chain/Hg junctions. Photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS, IPES and XPS) results for the molecule-Si band alignment at equilibrium show the Fermi level to LUMO energy difference to be much smaller than the corresponding Fermi level to HOMO one. This result supports the conclusion we reach, based on negative differential resistance in an analogous semiconductor-inorganic insulator/metal junction, that for both p- and n-type junctions the energy difference between the Fermi level and LUMO, i.e., electron tunneling, controls charge transport. The Fermi level-LUMO energy difference, experimentally determined by IPES, agrees with the non-resonant tunneling barrier height deduced from the exponential length-attenuation of the current

Hypermedia computer-based education in social work education

Journal ArticleHypermedia computer-based education (CBE) is an emerging information technology that makes possible user-directed, nonsequential exploration of, and interaction with, information presented through a variety of media including text, animation, graphics, sound, and video

The Emergence of Commercial Scale Offshore Wind: Progress Made and Challenges Ahead

This Article examines the offshore wind development process from leasing and permitting to electric power supply and interconnection. Willing developers may divide the process into three discrete, but not necessarily sequential, endeavors. First, the developer must secure a viable purchaser or market for the output. “Offshore wind energy” is a more complex commercial product than one might envision—it includes the actual electric energy produced, the electric generating capacity that is available to serve load, and both the environmental and clean energy attributes of wind energy. The environmental and clean energy attributes may have an economic and regulatory value separate from, or in addition to, the value of the electric energy itself. These separate complexities give rise to several questions: What are the available markets for actual offshore wind energy? How does a developer find a buyer (off-taker) for the offshore wind electric output? How are the markets for the actual energy and the environmental attributes, normally embodied in a “renewable energy certificate” (REC), combined or otherwise related? How much control can individual states exercise over the decisions of an individual utility or other purchasers of offshore wind energy and RECs (or each of them separately)? If the average cost to the developer of electric energy generation from offshore wind per kilowatt-hour (kWh) is substantially higher than the average cost of energy in the onshore markets, what features of state regulation or policy facilitate the sale? Second, the developer must secure, or acquire by sale or assignment, appropriate offshore sites for development of the physical resource. Most available offshore wind resources are located in the OCS and will be under federal control for leasing. Developers must secure OCS leases either through successful bids in the initial offering or through a later acquisition or assignment from winning bidders. Offshore wind development requires large areas within which to erect the number of turbines needed, as well as a gathering system of cables and substations, to collect and deliver the output of all the turbines via transmission lines to interconnections with the existing mainland grid. The developer also must obtain rights-of-way to lay cable for its gathering and transmission facilities—on the OCS and across state submerged lands and coastal areas. In the alternative, a new offshore wind transmission system may be built by a third party to connect with multiple wind farms and deliver energy to an onshore point of interconnection. These leasing and project configuration scenarios present many questions. If the offshore wind developer and the transmission facility developer are separate entities, how much coordination is required? What is the appropriate scope of environmental impact studies needed in connection with the OCS leasing process? What are the mechanics for acquiring the necessary property rights and leases between winning bidders and other interested developers? Third, the offshore wind developer, alone or with a third-party transmission developer, must be concerned about the interconnection of the offshore cable to the onshore transmission grid. Most onshore transmission and distribution grids were planned, constructed and operated on the assumption that electricity consumers on the coast are the end of the delivery line. While transmission grids are somewhat more robust at these isolated coastal locations—particularly when large nuclear and fossil generation exists at water’s edge—these more robust coastal grid systems are limited and may be neither geographically nor electrically proximate to offshore wind generation locations. With advances in turbine technology and the overall economics of offshore wind farm development most proposed commercial-scale projects are likely to have generation capacity in the hundreds of megawatts (MWs). Typically, interconnection of offshore wind and related transmission delivery facilities require not only reconfiguration and enlargement of the receiving onshore transmission grid to accept the input of such electric capacity at water’s edge, but also delivery to load centers that may be located a substantial distance inland. Owners of the onshore grid may not be the same as the utility purchaser or other off-taker of the offshore electric energy. The complexities of onshore interconnection raise vexing questions, such as: (i) how to reconfigure and enlarge the grid to interconnect with offshore generation, accept the energy output, and deliver to load centers; and (ii) who should bear the costs of that reconfiguration and enlargement. This Article is intended to provide a helpful roadmap or guidance for major issues in three principal areas—securing a viable purchaser, siting the offshore development farm, and onshore interconnection of the offshore cable. To date, most offshore wind development efforts in the United States occur off the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic coast. This Article highlights the emerging federal-state dynamic in the development of offshore wind generation and illuminates several key uncertainties developers face today

New Trends in the Study of Haredi Culture and Society

Who are Haredim? And why are they the source of both increasing attention and continuing misunderstanding? New Trends in the Study of Haredi Culture and Society draws on the innovative research of leading scholars from a variety of disciplines—including history, religious studies, demography, linguistics, and geography—to trace the growing prominence of Haredi (often called ultra-Orthodox) Jews in Jewish life. Haredi Jews are committed to preserving a measure of segregation from the rest of society consistent with the guiding principles of their forebears; yet increasingly, they are appearing more visibly and assertively in public spaces. Demographic analysis suggests that they will constitute a much larger share—nearly one-quarter—of the world Jewish population over the next twenty years. By examining the evolution of political, cultural, and social trends in Haredi communities across the globe, this interdisciplinary and transnational volume sheds important light both on Haredi communities and on the societies of which they are part.https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/casden/1015/thumbnail.jp

Is telomere length socially patterned? Evidence from the West of Scotland Twenty-07 study

Lower socioeconomic status (SES) is strongly associated with an increased risk of morbidity and premature mortality, but it is not known if the same is true for telomere length, a marker often used to assess biological ageing. The West of Scotland Twenty-07 Study was used to investigate this and consists of three cohorts aged approximately 35 (N = 775), 55 (N = 866) and 75 years (N = 544) at the time of telomere length measurement. Four sets of measurements of SES were investigated: those collected contemporaneously with telomere length assessment, educational markers, SES in childhood and SES over the preceding twenty years. We found mixed evidence for an association between SES and telomere length. In 35-year-olds, many of the education and childhood SES measures were associated with telomere length, i.e. those in poorer circumstances had shorter telomeres, as was intergenerational social mobility, but not accumulated disadvantage. A crude estimate showed that, at the same chronological age, social renters, for example, were nine years (biologically) older than home owners. No consistent associations were apparent in those aged 55 or 75. There is evidence of an association between SES and telomere length, but only in younger adults and most strongly using education and childhood SES measures. These results may reflect that childhood is a sensitive period for telomere attrition. The cohort differences are possibly the result of survival bias suppressing the SES-telomere association; cohort effects with regard different experiences of SES; or telomere possibly being a less effective marker of biological ageing at older ages

Die Krise der Kapitalverwertung - eine Kritik an den Thesen von Glyn/Sutdiffe

In einem Kapitel ihres Buches „British Capitalism, Workers and the Profit Squeeze" (1) geben Andrew Glyn und Bob Sutcliffe der Hoffnung Ausdruck, daß ihr Buch einen Beitrag leisten möge zum politischen Kampf für den Sozialismus. Zu diesem Zweck haben sei eine beträchtliche Menge statistischen Materials bearbeitet und alles in allem eine Studie fertiggestellt, die auf ihrem Gebiet bisher einzigartig und wichtig ist. Vor aller notwendigen Kritik an diesem Buch muß eines deutlich gesagt werden: die Linke in Großbritannien schuldet den Verfassern Dank für den wahrscheinlich ersten wirklichen ernstzunehmenden Versuch einer empirischen Untersuchung über die Ursachen der gegenwärtigen Krise des britischen Kapitalismus. Sie behaupten, daß die gegenwärtige Krise in Großbritannien den Kampf der Arbeiter um die Erhaltung ihres Lebensniveaus gleichzeitig verwandle in den Kampf um eine revolutionäre politische Strategie innerhalb der Arbeiterbewegung. Angesichts der jüngsten Rückschläge für die militanten Teile der Arbeiterbewegung, wie man sie beim Zusammenbruch des Widerstands gegen die Phase 2 der den Lebensstandard der Arbeiter drückenden ·Lohn-Preis-Stop-Politik von Premierminister Heath beobachten konnte, und angesichts der weiteren Tatsache, daß die britische Wirtschaft im Augenblick eine der größten Wachstumsraten seit dem Krieg erlebt, ist der Augenblick gekommen, die zentralen Thesen des Buches von Glyn/Sutcliffe kritisch unter die Lupe zu nehmen

New Trends in the Study of Haredi Culture and Society

Who are Haredim? And why are they the source of both increasing attention and continuing misunderstanding? New Trends in the Study of Haredi Culture and Society draws on the innovative research of leading scholars from a variety of disciplines—including history, religious studies, demography, linguistics, and geography—to trace the growing prominence of Haredi (often called ultra-Orthodox) Jews in Jewish life. Haredi Jews are committed to preserving a measure of segregation from the rest of society consistent with the guiding principles of their forebears; yet increasingly, they are appearing more visibly and assertively in public spaces. Demographic analysis suggests that they will constitute a much larger share—nearly one-quarter—of the world Jewish population over the next twenty years. By examining the evolution of political, cultural, and social trends in Haredi communities across the globe, this interdisciplinary and transnational volume sheds important light both on Haredi communities and on the societies of which they are part

What more can we learn from PISA tests? A comparative Analysis of the Long-term Dynamics of the Israeli International Educational Achievements

One of the most prominent comparative international tests in recent years is conducted by the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), which is used to assess students' knowledge of reading comprehension, mathematics, and science. PISA is most known for its goal to compare nations according to a league table ranking system. Israel has taken part in these assessments from its conception and since then it has been gradually decreasing in the world ranking. By 2015 the Israeli students are located between 37-40 out of 70 countries, down from 31-33 in 2000. Using Israel's data throughout the PISA cycles, we aim to offer an alternative comparative view for these international results, based on measures of self-change. These measures show a consistent and significant system-wide improvement of the Israeli educational performance in all three PISA tests since 2000. Not only does this contrast with its downward trend in the international ranking which is biased due to inclusion of more countries, the rate of change was consistently positive over time and surpassing that of its European and American counterparts. Indeed, these measures of change show a general growth of about 23 points over 15 years, which reflects a consistent improvement of 6 to 9 points in average per cycle since 2000 results. In light of these findings, the paper discusses the significance of measurements of change in comparative international tests.