Economic and tax aspects of the acquistion and running of fotovoltaic power stations

katedra: KFÚ; přílohy: 1 CD ROM; rozsah: 115 s., 9 s. obr. přílohThis diploma thesis is dealing with the economic and tax aspects related with the running of the fotovoltaic power stations. These stations are built by personal entities on the roofs of family houses. The thesis is divided into two main chapters. The first of them is focused on the composition of the energy market of the Czech Republic, on the development of the prices of the electrical energy mainly of renewable energies and on the preconditions for photovoltaic energy in the Czech Republic. The principal goal of this part is to unify the legislatives that is related to the owners of these systems and is ambiguous in some parts. In the second part there are the gained knowledge applied to the example of a modeled power station. The aim of this diploma thesis is to find the right and optimal process for calculation and tax delivery connected with this activity. The following objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of the investment into the power stations according to the methods of the payback period, the net present value and the profitability index. The task is not only to evaluate the effectiveness of the investment itself but also find out if the fotovoltaic power station can have a positive impact upon the household.Diplomová práce se zabývá ekonomickými a daňovými aspekty souvisejícími s provozem fotovoltaických elektráren, které si fyzické osoby budují na střechách rodinných domů. Práce je rozdělena do dvou hlavních částí. První část je zaměřena na skladbu energetického trhu České republiky, vývoj cen elektrické energie převážně u obnovitelných zdrojů a na podmínky fotovoltaiky v ČR. Hlavním úkolem této části je sjednotit legislativu, která se vztahuje k majitelům těchto systémů a je zatím v některých částech dosti nejednoznačná. Ve druhé části jsou získané poznatky aplikovány na modelovou elektrárnu. Cílem diplomové práce je nalézt správný a optimální postup při výpočtu a odvodu daní související s touto činností. Následným cílem je zhodnotit efektivnost investice do této elektrárny pomocí metod doby návratnosti, čisté současné hodnoty a indexu ziskovosti. Úkolem je nejen zhodnotit efektivnost samotné investice, ale zjistit, zda má pořízení fotovoltaické elektrárny přínos pro domácnost

Economic and tax aspects of the acquistion and running of fotovoltaic power stations

katedra: KFÚ; přílohy: 1 CD ROM; rozsah: 115 s., 9 s. obr. přílohThis diploma thesis is dealing with the economic and tax aspects related with the running of the fotovoltaic power stations. These stations are built by personal entities on the roofs of family houses. The thesis is divided into two main chapters. The first of them is focused on the composition of the energy market of the Czech Republic, on the development of the prices of the electrical energy mainly of renewable energies and on the preconditions for photovoltaic energy in the Czech Republic. The principal goal of this part is to unify the legislatives that is related to the owners of these systems and is ambiguous in some parts. In the second part there are the gained knowledge applied to the example of a modeled power station. The aim of this diploma thesis is to find the right and optimal process for calculation and tax delivery connected with this activity. The following objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of the investment into the power stations according to the methods of the payback period, the net present value and the profitability index. The task is not only to evaluate the effectiveness of the investment itself but also find out if the fotovoltaic power station can have a positive impact upon the household.Diplomová práce se zabývá ekonomickými a daňovými aspekty souvisejícími s provozem fotovoltaických elektráren, které si fyzické osoby budují na střechách rodinných domů. Práce je rozdělena do dvou hlavních částí. První část je zaměřena na skladbu energetického trhu České republiky, vývoj cen elektrické energie převážně u obnovitelných zdrojů a na podmínky fotovoltaiky v ČR. Hlavním úkolem této části je sjednotit legislativu, která se vztahuje k majitelům těchto systémů a je zatím v některých částech dosti nejednoznačná. Ve druhé části jsou získané poznatky aplikovány na modelovou elektrárnu. Cílem diplomové práce je nalézt správný a optimální postup při výpočtu a odvodu daní související s touto činností. Následným cílem je zhodnotit efektivnost investice do této elektrárny pomocí metod doby návratnosti, čisté současné hodnoty a indexu ziskovosti. Úkolem je nejen zhodnotit efektivnost samotné investice, ale zjistit, zda má pořízení fotovoltaické elektrárny přínos pro domácnost

Carbon Nanotube Electrodes for Effective Interfacing with Retinal Tissue

We have investigated the use of carbon nanotube coated microelectrodes as an interface material for retinal recording and stimulation applications. Test devices were micro-fabricated and consisted of 60, 30 μm diameter electrodes at spacing of 200 μm. These electrodes were coated via chemical vapor deposition of carbon nanotubes, resulting in conducting, three dimensional surfaces with a high interfacial area. These attributes are important both for the quality of the cell-surface coupling as well as for electro-chemical interfacing efficiency. The entire chip was packaged to fit a commercial multielectrode recording and stimulation system. Electrical recordings of spontaneous spikes from whole-mount neonatal mouse retinas were consistently obtained minutes after retinas were placed over the electrodes, exhibiting typical bursting and propagating waves. Most importantly, the signals obtained with carbon nanotube electrodes have exceptionally high signal to noise ratio, reaching values as high as 75. Moreover, spikes are marked by a conspicuous gradual increase in amplitude recorded over a period of minutes to hours, suggesting improvement in cell-electrode coupling. This phenomenon is not observed in conventional commercial electrodes. Electrical stimulation using carbon nanotube electrodes was also achieved. We attribute the superior performances of the carbon nanotube electrodes to their three dimensional nature and the strong neuro-carbon nanotube affinity. The results presented here show the great potential of carbon nanotube electrodes for retinal interfacing applications. Specifically, our results demonstrate a route to achieve a reduction of the electrode down to few micrometers in order to achieve high efficacy local stimulation needed in retinal prosthetic devices

Organic electrode coatings for next-generation neural interfaces

Traditional neuronal interfaces utilize metallic electrodes which in recent years have reached a plateau in terms of the ability to provide safe stimulation at high resolution or rather with high densities of microelectrodes with improved spatial selectivity. To achieve higher resolution it has become clear that reducing the size of electrodes is required to enable higher electrode counts from the implant device. The limitations of interfacing electrodes including low charge injection limits, mechanical mismatch and foreign body response can be addressed through the use of organic electrode coatings which typically provide a softer, more roughened surface to enable both improved charge transfer and lower mechanical mismatch with neural tissue. Coating electrodes with conductive polymers or carbon nanotubes offers a substantial increase in charge transfer area compared to conventional platinum electrodes. These organic conductors provide safe electrical stimulation of tissue while avoiding undesirable chemical reactions and cell damage. However, the mechanical properties of conductive polymers are not ideal, as they are quite brittle. Hydrogel polymers present a versatile coating option for electrodes as they can be chemically modified to provide a soft and conductive scaffold. However, the in vivo chronic inflammatory response of these conductive hydrogels remains unknown. A more recent approach proposes tissue engineering the electrode interface through the use of encapsulated neurons within hydrogel coatings. This approach may provide a method for activating tissue at the cellular scale, however, several technological challenges must be addressed to demonstrate feasibility of this innovative idea. The review focuses on the various organic coatings which have been investigated to improve neural interface electrodes