Universal avalanche statistics and triggering close to failure in a mean field model of rheological fracture

The hypothesis of critical failure relates the presence of an ultimate stability point in the structural constitutive equation of materials to a divergence of characteristic scales in the microscopic dynamics responsible for deformation. Avalanche models involving critical failure have determined common universality classes for stick-slip processes and fracture. However, not all empirical failure processes exhibit the trademarks of criticality. The rheological properties of materials introduce dissipation, usually reproduced in conceptual models as a hardening of the coarse grained elements of the system. Here, we investigate the effects of transient hardening on (i) the activity rate and (ii) the statistical properties of avalanches. We find the explicit representation of transient hardening in the presence of generalized viscoelasticity and solve the corresponding mean field model of fracture. In the quasistatic limit, the accelerated energy release is invariant with respect to rheology and the avalanche propagation can be reinterpreted in terms of a stochastic counting process. A single universality class can be defined from such analogy, and all statistical properties depend only on the distance to criticality. We also prove that inter-event correlations emerge due to the hardening --- even in the quasistatic limit --- that can be interpreted as "aftershocks" and "foreshocks"

But You’re So Far Away: Issues in Providing Library Services to Students in Online Courses

In this session, we will address the issues involved in providing library services to remote students, including technology readiness and support, reference and research services, interlibrary loan, and collection development. We will also address some of the legal issues in providing library services to students in online courses

Self-similar aftershock rates

In many important systems exhibiting crackling noise --- intermittent avalanche-like relaxation response with power-law and, thus, self-similar distributed event sizes --- the "laws" for the rate of activity after large events are not consistent with the overall self-similar behavior expected on theoretical grounds. This is in particular true for the case of seismicity and a satisfying solution to this paradox has remained outstanding. Here, we propose a generalized description of the aftershock rates which is both self-similar and consistent with all other known self-similar features. Comparing our theoretical predictions with high resolution earthquake data from Southern California we find excellent agreement, providing in particular clear evidence for a unified description of aftershocks and foreshocks. This may offer an improved way of time-dependent seismic hazard assessment and earthquake forecasting

Are seismic waiting time distributions universal?

We show that seismic waiting time distributions in California and Iceland have many features in common as, for example, a power-law decay with exponent $\alpha \approx 1.1$ for intermediate and with exponent $\gamma \approx 0.6$ for short waiting times. While the transition point between these two regimes scales proportionally with the size of the considered area, the full distribution is not universal and depends in a non-trivial way on the geological area under consideration and its size. This is due to the spatial distribution of epicenters which does \emph{not} form a simple mono-fractal. Yet, the dependence of the waiting time distributions on the threshold magnitude seems to be universal.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Geophys. Res. Let

Chimera patterns in conservative systems and ultracold atoms with mediated nonlocal hopping

Chimera patterns, characterized by coexisting regions of phase coherence and incoherence, have so far been studied in non-conservative systems with dissipation. Here, we show that the formation of chimera patterns can also be observed in conservative Hamiltonian systems with nonlocal hopping in which both energy and particle number are conserved. Effective nonlocality can be realized in a physical system with only local coupling if different time scales exist, which can be illustrated by a minimal conservative model with an additional mediating channel. Finally, we show that the patterns should be observable in ultracold atomic systems. Nonlocal spatial hopping over up to tens of lattice sites with independently tunable hopping strength and on-site nonlinearity can be implemented in a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate with a spin-dependent optical lattice, where the untrapped component serves as the matter-wave mediating field. The present work highlights the connections between chimera patterns, nonlinear dynamics, condensed matter, and ultracold atoms.Comment: 4 figures with supplementar

Pairwise Network Information and Nonlinear Correlations

Reconstructing the structural connectivity between interacting units from observed activity is a challenge across many different disciplines. The fundamental first step is to establish whether or to what extent the interactions between the units can be considered pairwise and, thus, can be modeled as an interaction network with simple links corresponding to pairwise interactions. In principle this can be determined by comparing the maximum entropy given the bivariate probability distributions to the true joint entropy. In many practical cases this is not an option since the bivariate distributions needed may not be reliably estimated, or the optimization is too computationally expensive. Here we present an approach that allows one to use mutual informations as a proxy for the bivariate distributions. This has the advantage of being less computationally expensive and easier to estimate. We achieve this by introducing a novel entropy maximization scheme that is based on conditioning on entropies and mutual informations. This renders our approach typically superior to other methods based on linear approximations. The advantages of the proposed method are documented using oscillator networks and a resting-state human brain network as generic relevant examples

Self-organization and time-stability of social hierarchies

The formation and stability of social hierarchies is a question of general relevance. Here, we propose a simple generalized theoretical model for establishing social hierarchy via pair-wise interactions between individuals and investigate its stability. In each interaction or fight, the probability of "winning" depends solely on the relative societal status of the participants, and the winner has a gain of status whereas there is an equal loss to the loser. The interactions are characterized by two parameters. The first parameter represents how much can be lost, and the second parameter represents the degree to which even a small difference of status can guarantee a win for the higher-status individual. Depending on the parameters, the resulting status distributions reach either a continuous unimodal form or lead to a totalitarian end state with one high-status individual and all other individuals having status approaching zero. However, we find that in the latter case long-lived intermediary distributions often exist, which can give the illusion of a stable society. As we show, our model allows us to make predictions consistent with animal interaction data and their evolution over a number of years. Moreover, by implementing a simple, but realistic rule that restricts interactions to sufficiently similar-status individuals, the stable or long-lived distributions acquire high-status structure corresponding to a distinct high-status class. Using household income as a proxy for societal status in human societies, we find agreement over their entire range from the low-to-middle-status parts to the characteristic high-status "tail". We discuss how the model provides a conceptual framework for understanding the origin of social hierarchy and the factors which lead to the preservation or deterioration of the societal structure.Comment: Added sections 4.1 and S2.A about agonistic interactions in animals, added sections 4.2.1 and S2.B regarding potential proxies for societal status in non-human animals, added references to sections 1 and 2. Main text: 34 pages, 11 figures. Supplementary appendices: 36 pages, 24 figure