Preferences, Practices, and Virtues: An Ethical Reflection on the Universal Apostolic Preferences

The Society of Jesus has promulgated the Universal Apostolic Preferences (UAPs) for the decade 2019-29. We know what the UAPs are: to seek God, walk with the poor, accompany youth, and collaborate in the care of the earth. And we know what they are for: the ongoing conversion of persons and institutions in their commitment to the mission of reconciliation of justice. But what, exactly, is a “preference” anyhow? In this reflection, I draw on the moral tradition of virtue ethics to argue that the preferences are best understood as “practices” or, in other words, as the fundamental actions by which crucial virtues like mercy and justice are developed in persons and in institutions. I also argue that seeing the preferences as practices in the context of virtue ethics opens up fruitful possibilities for fostering engagement with the UAPs at Jesuit institutions of higher education

New Geographies of Elite Hockey Player Production in the Neoliberal Age

Neoliberal forms of governance have impacted business, international trade, investment, finance, taxation and many other aspects of economic life since the 1970s. At its heart, neoliberalism puts emphasis on the market, not just in business but also in sport and in many other aspects of life. Private capital has increasingly gained access to the finance and provision of public services. An example of this process is the recent proliferation in privately operated/owned ice rinks in British Columbia. Private ice rinks constitute 46% of all ice rink construction in BC since 1990 and are largely located in urban regions. Concurrently, High Performance Training Companies (HPTCs), operating outside the auspices of Hockey Canada, have capitalized on the influx of private ice rinks and have begun providing services at a cost to prospective young hockey players. The following thesis utilizes a case study of BC to demonstrate how the deepening commodification of elite hockey in BC during the neoliberal age has created new geographies of elite hockey player production

Ethics and Pope Francis’s Encyclical Letter Laudato Si: A Teaching Module

This open-source teaching module consists of: 1. This Teaching Note for the instructor provides background on the Encyclical and specific discussion questions which the instructor can use to guide discussion in class. After each discussion question, this note identifies key points students or the instructor should make during the discussion. The teaching note concludes with “A Summary the Instructor May Use to Conclude Discussion.” 2. “Excerpts from Laudato Si for Discussion in Class,” is a separate document to be read by students before class. It can be reproduced and handed out, or sent electronically to students. It consists of a short description of five key themes in the Encyclical, the important question or questions raised by that theme, and selected paragraphs from the Encyclical addressing that theme. If read thoughtfully in advance, it should provide adequate preparation for the students to participate in the discussion outlined in this teaching note. This teaching module is designed to be used in a single 50 to 60 minute class period, or a shorter period over several days. It can be used in several different types of courses, including a business ethics course, an environmental studies course, a religious studies course, among others. The type of course will determine which discussion questions and discussion points the instructor wishes to emphasize. The authors were particularly focused on providing a way to use the Encyclical in a business ethics class. This module is designed to permit the students to discuss the encyclical by Pope Francis and its major themes, without having to read the entire encyclical. A link is provided in the “Excerpts” document to the full text of the Encyclical on the Vatican website. For several of the themes, additional paragraphs from the Encyclical are recommended which further develop the theme

Inhibition of prostatic epithelial cell proliferation by a factor secreted specifically by prostatic stromal cells

Stromal cells from the prostate were recently shown to inhibit clonal growth of the prostatic carcinoma cell lines PC-3 (hormone-independent) and LNCaP (hormone-sensitive) in coculture. Our study revealed that stromal cell-conditioned medium strongly inhibited proliferation of PC-3 and LNCaP cells when grown in monolayer culture. Antiproliferative activity was found to be reversible, and was produced specifically by prostatic stromal cells and not by stromal cells derived from skin, foreskin, uterus, kidney, and Wilms' tumor. Inhibition was not species-specific, since the cell lines AT-2.1 and MATLyLu, derived from the Dunning rat prostate tumor, were also sensitive. No inhibition, however, occurred on breast and renal carcinoma cell lines, suggesting a prostate-specific action. The putative inhibiting factor(s) could be concentrated and partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The possible role in stromal control of epithelial cell proliferation is discussed

The Microenvironment Determines the Breast Cancer Cells' Phenotype: Organization of MCF7 Cells in 3D Cultures

Background: Stromal-epithelial interactions mediate breast development, and the initiation and progression of breast cancer. In the present study, we developed 3-dimensional (3D) in vitro models to study breast cancer tissue organization and the role of the microenvironment in phenotypic determination. Methods: The human breast cancer MCF7 cells were grown alone or co-cultured with primary human breast fibroblasts. Cells were embedded in matrices containing either type I collagen or a combination of reconstituted basement membrane proteins and type I collagen. The cultures were carried out for up to 6 weeks. For every time point (1-6 weeks), the gels were fixed and processed for histology, and whole-mounted for confocal microscopy evaluation. The epithelial structures were characterized utilizing immunohistochemical techniques; their area and proliferation index were measured using computerized morphometric analysis. Statistical differences between groups were analyzed by ANOVA, Dunnett's T3 post-hoc test and chi-square. Results: Most of the MCF7 cells grown alone within a collagen matrix died during the first two weeks; those that survived organized into large, round and solid clusters. The presence of fibroblasts in collagen gels reduced MCF7 cell death, induced cell polarity, and the formation of round and elongated epithelial structures containing a lumen. The addition of reconstituted basement membrane to collagen gels by itself had also survival and organizational effects on the MCF7 cells. Regardless of the presence of fibroblasts, the MCF7 cells both polarized and formed a lumen. The addition of fibroblasts to the gel containing reconstituted basement membrane and collagen induced the formation of elongated structures. Conclusions: Our results indicate that a matrix containing both type I collagen and reconstituted basement membrane, and the presence of normal breast fibroblasts constitute the minimal permissive microenvironment to induce near-complete tumor phenotype reversion. These human breast 3D tissue morphogenesis models promise to become reliable tools for studying tissue interactions, therapeutic screening and drug target validation