Territorialité et extraterritorialité de la traduction du droit

Langues, droits et territoires constituent un tout indissociable que la traduction du droit ne peut éluder. Les langues et les droits présentent à la fois une unicité et une diversité, une égalité et une hiérarchie selon l’angle de vision. La traduction non territorialisée correspond à une traduction verticale dans un contexte institutionnel de droit international ou régional négocié. L’équivalence traductionnelle se veut dès lors uniformisante afin de faciliter une interprétation uniforme d’un droit unique énoncé dans une multitude de versions linguistiques. L’Union européenne constitue, en ce sens, un paradigme. La traduction territorialisée correspond à une traduction horizontale réalisée dans les divers contextes de droit. Destinée, entre autres, à la connaissance d’un droit autre ou à la reconnaissance du droit de l’autre, voire à l’administration de justice, cette traduction présente des caractéristiques culturelles marquées. L’équivalence traductionnelle se veut dès lors localisée car empreinte d’une culture d’origine. Face au risque d’enfermement, le traducteur doit se prémunir contre tout juricentrisme. Cependant, peut-il éviter qu’un hégémonisme linguistique, juridique et territorial ne mène à une équivalence traductionnelle ?Languages, law and territories form one inseparable whole, which has to be taken as such by legal translation. Languages and law present at once unity and plurality, equality and hierarchy, according to the angle of vision. A case in point is “translation unbound by territory,” i.e., vertical translation in the institutional context of negotiated international or regional law. Translation equivalence is then established in order to achieve uniform interpretation of one unique law expressed in various linguistic versions. The European Union is paradigmatic of such a case. At the opposite, “territory-bound translation” entails horizontal translation realized in various legal contexts. It may serve various purposes, among which knowledge of the other law or recognition of the right of others, or even the administration of justice, and exhibits marked cultural characteristics. Translation equivalence is then subject to the local factor since it has to take the original culture into account. Faced with the risk of communication failure, the translator must be wary of acting as if his/her legal system were universal. However, can he/she prevent the search for translation equivalence to be guided by linguistic, legal and territorial imperialism

Designing Vibrotactile Widgets with Printed Actuators and Sensors

Physical controls are fabricated through complicated assembly of parts requiring expensive machinery and are prone to mechanical wear. One solution is to embed controls directly in interactive surfaces, but the proprioceptive part of gestural interaction that makes physical controls discoverable and usable solely by hand gestures is lost and has to be compensated, by vibrotactile feedback for instance. Vibrotactile actuators face the same aforementioned issues as for physical controls. We propose printed vibrotactile actuators and sensors. They are printed on plastic sheets, with piezoelectric ink for actuation, and with silver ink for conductive elements, such as wires and capacitive sensors. These printed actuators and sensors make it possible to design vibrotactile widgets on curved surfaces, without complicated mechanical assembly

Fast Hydraulic Erosion Simulation and Visualization on GPU

International audienceNatural mountains and valleys are gradually eroded by rainfall and river flows. Physically-based modeling of this complex phenomenon is a major concern in producing realistic synthesized terrains. However, despite some recent improvements, existing algorithms are still computationally expensive, leading to a time-consuming process fairly impractical for terrain designers and 3D artists. In this paper, we present a new method to model the hydraulic erosion phenomenon which runs at interactive rates on today's computers. The method is based on the velocity field of the running water, which is created with an efficient shallow-water fluid model. The velocity field is used to calculate the erosion and deposition process, and the sediment transportation process. The method has been carefully designed to be implemented totally on GPU, and thus takes full advantage of the parallelism of current graphics hardware. Results from experiments demonstrate that our method is effective and efficient. It can create realistic erosion effects by rainfall and river flows, and produce fast simulation results for terrains with large sizes

Stabilising a nulling interferometer using optical path difference dithering

Context. Nulling interferometry has been suggested as the underlying principle for the Darwin and TPF-I exoplanet research missions. Aims. There are constraints both on the mean value of the nulling ratio, and on its stability. Instrument instability noise is most detrimental to the stability of the nulling performance. Methods. We applied a modified version of the classical dithering technique to the optical path difference in the scientific beam. Results. Using only this method, we repeatedly stabilised the dark fringe for several hours. This method alone sufficed to remove the 1/ f component of the noise in our setup for periods of 10 minutes, typically. These results indicate that performance stability may be maintained throughout the long-duration data acquisitions typical of exoplanet spectroscopy. Conclusions. We suggest that further study of possible stabilisation strategies should be an integral part of Darwin/TPF-I research and developmen

TSPO interacts with VDAC1 and triggers a ROS-mediated inhibition of mitochondrial quality control

The 18-kDa TSPO (translocator protein) localizes on the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) and participates in cholesterol transport. Here, we report that TSPO inhibits mitochondrial autophagy downstream of the PINK1-PARK2 pathway, preventing essential ubiquitination of proteins. TSPO abolishes mitochondrial relocation of SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1), and consequently that of the autophagic marker LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3), thus leading to an accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria, altering the appearance of the network. Independent of cholesterol regulation, the modulation of mitophagy by TSPO is instead dependent on VDAC1 (voltage-dependent anion channel 1), to which TSPO binds, reducing mitochondrial coupling and promoting an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that counteracts PARK2-mediated ubiquitination of proteins. These data identify TSPO as a novel element in the regulation of mitochondrial quality control by autophagy, and demonstrate the importance for cell homeostasis of its expression ratio with VDAC1

Mick Atha and Kennis Yip, Piecing Together Sha Po: Archaeological Investigations and Landscape Reconstruction,

Piecing Together Sha Po is an archaeological publication that traces the 6,500-year-old human occupation of Sha Po, a coastal village in the north-west of Lamma Island in Hong Kong. The authors, Mick Atha and Kennis Yip, who have lived on the island for the past ten years, are both archaeologists who trained in York, England. The former teaches his discipline at the Chinese University of Hong Kong while the latter is a professional consultant in archaeology. Having carried out numerous excava..

GPU-based ultra-fast direct aperture optimization for online adaptive radiation therapy

Online adaptive radiation therapy (ART) has great promise to significantly reduce normal tissue toxicity and/or improve tumor control through real-time treatment adaptations based on the current patient anatomy. However, the major technical obstacle for clinical realization of online ART, namely the inability to achieve real-time efficiency in treatment re-planning, has yet to be solved. To overcome this challenge, this paper presents our work on the implementation of an intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) direct aperture optimization (DAO) algorithm on graphics processing unit (GPU) based on our previous work on CPU. We formulate the DAO problem as a large-scale convex programming problem, and use an exact method called column generation approach to deal with its extremely large dimensionality on GPU. Five 9-field prostate and five 5-field head-and-neck IMRT clinical cases with 5\times5 mm2 beamlet size and 2.5\times2.5\times2.5 mm3 voxel size were used to evaluate our algorithm on GPU. It takes only 0.7~2.5 seconds for our implementation to generate optimal treatment plans using 50 MLC apertures on an NVIDIA Tesla C1060 GPU card. Our work has therefore solved a major problem in developing ultra-fast (re-)planning technologies for online ART