Pour une culture des accidents au service de la sécurité industrielle

National audienceThis paper proposes to develop an innovative concept: the culture of accidents. We insist on its interest to facilitate the paradigm change that we believe necessary (towards an organisational and socio-technical paradigm) and in particular to improve the learning from experience. The objective is to enable the operating of the learning from experience for the field actors (operators and managers) and the safety analysts relying on a living memory and "experience pillars". Our analysis was mostly based on accident analysis and organisational approach of safety. We clearly make the use of the medical analogy in order to underline the added value of the concept with regards to the clinical investigation of accidents, the recording of a library of cases in order to facilitate (reactive and proactive) the diagnosis in those complex industrial systems. We make the assumption that this is in the extreme cases that are accidents, that we can, the best, seize and analyse the safety deterioration phenomenon (medical analogy). We specify the content of a culture of accidents (structure, references, inter-organisational character), locate it in the state of art with regards to accidentology, safety and risk cultures. Finally we propose actions to implement with required adaptations to enable actors to grasp it.Cette communication propose de développer un concept innovant : la culture des accidents. Nous argumentons sur son intérêt pour faciliter le changement de paradigme que nous croyons nécessaire (vers un paradigme sociotechnique et organisationnel) et plus spécifiquement pour obtenir une meilleure efficacité du processus de retour d'expérience. L'objectif concret est de faciliter l'opérationnalisation du retour d'expérience pour les acteurs de terrain (opérateurs/managers) et les analystes de sécurité en s'appuyant sur une mémoire vivante et des piliers d'expérience. Notre analyse s'est appuyée essentiellement sur des analyses d'accidents et l'approche organisationnelle de la sécurité. Nous faisons clairement usage de l'analogie médicale afin de souligner l'intérêt du concept proposé au regard de l'étude clinique des accidents, de la constitution d'une bibliothèque de cas visant à faciliter et permettre le diagnostic (réactif et proactif) dans ces systèmes industriels complexes. Nous faisons ainsi l'hypothèse que c'est dans les cas extrêmes que constituent les accidents, que l'on peut le mieux saisir et analyser les processus de dégradation de la sécurité (analogie médicale). Nous précisons alors le contenu d'une culture des accidents (structure, éléments de référence, caractère inter-organisationnel), la situons dans l'état de l'art au regard de l'accidentologie et en discutons son intégration aux cultures de sécurité et du risque. Enfin, nous formulons des propositions d'actions pour sa mise en oeuvre avec les adaptations nécessaires à prévoir pour permettre aux acteurs visés de s'en saisi

Photochemical synthesis of a “cage” compound in a microreactor: Rigorous comparison with a batch photoreactor

An intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition is performed in a microphotoreactor (0.81 mL) built by winding FEP tubing around a commercially available Pyrex immersion well in which a medium pressure mercury lamp is inserted. A rigorous comparison with a batch photoreactor (225 mL) is proposed by means of a simple model coupling the reaction kinetics with the mass, momentum and radiative transfer equations. This serves as a basis to explain why the chemical conversion and the irradiation time are respectively increased and reduced in the microphotoreactor relative to those in the batch photoreactor. Through this simple model reaction, some criteria for transposing photochemical synthesis from a batch photoreactor to a continuous microphotoreactor are defined

La gestion du changement par la concertation : exemple de la mise en place d'un plan développement durable

National audienceOrganizations are facing new challenges raised by the implementation of the sustainable development principle. This paper points out the need to support organizational change in response to these Environmental Demands. New methods are proposed and discussed through a real case study of implementing a strategical plan for sustainable development within a public institute of expertise in the field of industrial environment and risks.Les Organisations font face à de nouveaux défis soulevés par la mise en application du principe de développement durable. Cet article offre une réflexion sur le besoin en accompagnement au changement des Organisations qui relèvent ces défis. Nous avons proposé une méthodologie basée sur une approche de type recherche-intervention. Cette méthodologie prend appuie sur de l'analyse organisationnelle et de l'aide multicritère à la décision. Pour finir, nous relaterons l'histoire d'un cas de mise en place d'un plan stratégique et d'un plan d'actions développement durable au sein d'un institut public d'expertise dans le domaine de l'environnement industriel et des risques

Using a multi-criteria decision aid methodology to implement sustainable development principles within an Organization

International audienceThe implementation of Sustainable Development (SD) within an Organization is a difficult task. This is due to the fact that it is difficult to deal with conflicting and incommensurable aspects such as environmental, economic and social dimensions. In this paper we have used a Multi-Criteria Decision Aid (MCDA) methodology to cope with these difficulties. MCDA methodology offers the opportunity to avoid monetary valuation of the different dimensions of the SD. These dimensions are not substitutable for one another and all have a role to play. There is an abundance of possible aggregation procedures in MCDA methodology. In this paper we have proposed an innovative method to choose a suitable aggregation procedure for SD problems. Real life case studies of the implementation of an outranking approach (i.e., ELECTRE) and of a mono-criterion synthesis approach (i.e., MAUT approaches based on the Choquet integral) were done to respectively rank 22 SD strategic actions within an expertise Institute and rank 20 practical operational actions to control energy consumption of the Institute's buildings

La micro-échelle en synthèse organique : un outil commun chimie/génie chimique

Cet article est une restitution courte de la présentation réalisée au cours des JIREC 2013 sur l’enseignement de la notion de changement d’échelle et de passage d’un mode batch à un mode continu en synthèse organique. L’enjeu est de faire travailler des étudiants issus des départements chimie et génie chimique autour d’un même outil, le microréacteur. Au cours d’une séance de travaux pratiques, les étudiants mettent en oeuvre une synthèse organique en continu à micro-échelle et comparent les résultats obtenus à ceux du procédé batch. Ils appréhendent ainsi la notion de synthèse en continu et de suivi cinétique le long du microréacteur et comprennent l’intérêt et les difficultés liés à la petite échelle. L’outil microréacteur mis en place à l’INP-ENSIACET peut être transféré vers d’autres formations de type ingénieurs, mais aussi CPGE, BTS ou IUT, pour accompagner le lien entre les domaines « génie de la réaction » et « synthèse organique »

Towards an analytics and an ethics of expertise: Learning from decision aiding experiences in public risk assessment and risk management

Public expertise in safety, security and environment is a process that is increasingly submitted to control and transparency. It therefore requires an oversight, a monitoring and an aiding approach on its conduct and its governance. Difficulties learned from experiences in framing risk problems and sharing expertise conclusions and recommendations are pointed. Our practice of expertise has made clear to us that "expertise is a decision aiding process for a decision-maker which contains other decision aiding processes for the experts involved. To overcome this paradox, we argue on the need of a generic integrated framework for expertise that allows framing a valid and a legitimate expertise process and conclusions. Public expertise is then defined and mai

Quantification of Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) beams states based of S system parameters

In this paper, we propose a new quantitative method for determining the state number l of the beam carry Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM), both individually and in a sum in a combination of l= -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 based on analysis of the S21 system parameters. This allows the receiving device to be tuned to receive beams with a specific OAM state. Radio waves carry OAM have a frequency of 80 GHz. The work is an experiment on a computer model. Simulation of beams with different states l, as well as determination of S system parameters, is carried out using the software product SCT Studio, and addition or superposition of S parameters of beams with different states l was produced by means of the software product Matlab.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figure

Study of ligand substituent effects on the rate and stereoselectivity of lactide polymerization using aluminum salen-type initiators.

A series of aluminum salen-type complexes [where salen is N,N′-bis(salicylaldimine)-1,2-ethylenediamine] bearing ligands that differ in their steric and electronic properties have been synthesized and investigated for the polymerization of rac-lactide. X-ray crystal structures on key precatalysts reveal metal coordination geometries intermediate between trigonal bipyramidal and square-based pyramidal. Both the phenoxy substituents and the backbone linker have a significant influence over the polymerization. Electron-withdrawing groups attached to the phenoxy donor generally gave an increased polymerization rate, whereas large ortho substituents generally slowed down the polymerization. The vast majority of the initiators afforded polylactide with an isotactic bias; only one exhibited a bias toward heteroselectivity. Isoselectivity generally increases with increased flexibility of the backbone linker, which is presumed to be better able to accommodate any potential steric clashes between the propagating polymer chain, the inserting monomer unit, and the substituents on the phenoxy donor