Non-AIDS defining cancers in the D:A:D Study - time trends and predictors of survival : A cohort study

Background: Non-AIDS defining cancers (NADC) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-positive individuals. Using data from a large international cohort of HIV-positive individuals, we described the incidence of NADC from 2004-2010, and described subsequent mortality and predictors of these.Methods: Individuals were followed from 1st January 2004/enrolment in study, until the earliest of a new NADC, 1st February 2010, death or six months after the patient's last visit. Incidence rates were estimated for each year of follow-up, overall and stratified by gender, age and mode of HIV acquisition. Cumulative risk of mortality following NADC diagnosis was summarised using Kaplan-Meier methods, with follow-up for these analyses from the date of NADC diagnosis until the patient's death, 1st February 2010 or 6 months after the patient's last visit. Factors associated with mortality following NADC diagnosis were identified using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression.Results: Over 176,775 person-years (PY), 880 (2.1%) patients developed a new NADC (incidence: 4.98/1000PY [95% confidence interval 4.65, 5.31]). Over a third of these patients (327, 37.2%) had died by 1st February 2010. Time trends for lung cancer, anal cancer and Hodgkin's lymphoma were broadly consistent. Kaplan-Meier cumulative mortality estimates at 1, 3 and 5 years after NADC diagnosis were 28.2% [95% CI 25.1-31.2], 42.0% [38.2-45.8] and 47.3% [42.4-52.2], respectively. Significant predictors of poorer survival after diagnosis of NADC were lung cancer (compared to other cancer types), male gender, non-white ethnicity, and smoking status. Later year of diagnosis and higher CD4 count at NADC diagnosis were associated with improved survival. The incidence of NADC remained stable over the period 2004-2010 in this large observational cohort.Conclusions: The prognosis after diagnosis of NADC, in particular lung cancer and disseminated cancer, is poor but has improved somewhat over time. Modifiable risk factors, such as smoking and low CD4 counts, were associated with mortality following a diagnosis of NADC. © 2013 Worm et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd

Gender differences in the use of cardiovascular interventions in HIV-positive persons; the D:A:D Study

Peer reviewe

Biological invasion of European tomato crops by Tuta absoluta: ecology, geographic expansion and prospects for biological control

The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a devastating pest of tomato originating from South America. After its initial detection in eastern Spain in 2006, it rapidly invaded various other European countries and spread throughout the Mediterranean basin. If no control measures are taken, then the pest can cause up to 80-100% yield losses in tomato crops in recently invaded areas and may pose a threat to both greenhouse and open-field tomato production. The exceptional speed and extent of T. absoluta invasion have called for studies documenting its biology and ecology, while indicating an urgent need for efficient and sustainable management methods. The development of approaches to manage T. absoluta would be facilitated through a detailed revision of information on this pest in its area of origin. This review combines information on the invasion by T. absoluta, its ecology, and potential management strategies, including data that may help the implementation of efficient biological control programs. These programs, together with a variety of other management tactics, may allow efficient integrated pest management of T. absoluta in Europe and Mediterranean Basin countries. © 2010 Springer-Verlag

Non-AIDS defining cancers in the D:A:D Study-time trends and predictors of survival : a cohort study

BACKGROUND:Non-AIDS defining cancers (NADC) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-positive individuals. Using data from a large international cohort of HIV-positive individuals, we described the incidence of NADC from 2004-2010, and described subsequent mortality and predictors of these.METHODS:Individuals were followed from 1st January 2004/enrolment in study, until the earliest of a new NADC, 1st February 2010, death or six months after the patient's last visit. Incidence rates were estimated for each year of follow-up, overall and stratified by gender, age and mode of HIV acquisition. Cumulative risk of mortality following NADC diagnosis was summarised using Kaplan-Meier methods, with follow-up for these analyses from the date of NADC diagnosis until the patient's death, 1st February 2010 or 6 months after the patient's last visit. Factors associated with mortality following NADC diagnosis were identified using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression.RESULTS:Over 176,775 person-years (PY), 880 (2.1%) patients developed a new NADC (incidence: 4.98/1000PY [95% confidence interval 4.65, 5.31]). Over a third of these patients (327, 37.2%) had died by 1st February 2010. Time trends for lung cancer, anal cancer and Hodgkin's lymphoma were broadly consistent. Kaplan-Meier cumulative mortality estimates at 1, 3 and 5 years after NADC diagnosis were 28.2% [95% CI 25.1-31.2], 42.0% [38.2-45.8] and 47.3% [42.4-52.2], respectively. Significant predictors of poorer survival after diagnosis of NADC were lung cancer (compared to other cancer types), male gender, non-white ethnicity, and smoking status. Later year of diagnosis and higher CD4 count at NADC diagnosis were associated with improved survival. The incidence of NADC remained stable over the period 2004-2010 in this large observational cohort.CONCLUSIONS:The prognosis after diagnosis of NADC, in particular lung cancer and disseminated cancer, is poor but has improved somewhat over time. Modifiable risk factors, such as smoking and low CD4 counts, were associated with mortality following a diagnosis of NADC

Development and Validation of a Risk Score for Chronic Kidney Disease in HIV Infection Using Prospective Cohort Data from the D:A:D Study

Ristola M. on työryhmien DAD Study Grp ; Royal Free Hosp Clin Cohort ; INSIGHT Study Grp ; SMART Study Grp ; ESPRIT Study Grp jäsen.Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health issue for HIV-positive individuals, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Development and implementation of a risk score model for CKD would allow comparison of the risks and benefits of adding potentially nephrotoxic antiretrovirals to a treatment regimen and would identify those at greatest risk of CKD. The aims of this study were to develop a simple, externally validated, and widely applicable long-term risk score model for CKD in HIV-positive individuals that can guide decision making in clinical practice. Methods and Findings A total of 17,954 HIV-positive individuals from the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study with >= 3 estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values after 1 January 2004 were included. Baseline was defined as the first eGFR > 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 after 1 January 2004; individuals with exposure to tenofovir, atazanavir, atazanavir/ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, other boosted protease inhibitors before baseline were excluded. CKD was defined as confirmed (>3 mo apart) eGFR In the D:A:D study, 641 individuals developed CKD during 103,185 person-years of follow-up (PYFU; incidence 6.2/1,000 PYFU, 95% CI 5.7-6.7; median follow-up 6.1 y, range 0.3-9.1 y). Older age, intravenous drug use, hepatitis C coinfection, lower baseline eGFR, female gender, lower CD4 count nadir, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) predicted CKD. The adjusted incidence rate ratios of these nine categorical variables were scaled and summed to create the risk score. The median risk score at baseline was -2 (interquartile range -4 to 2). There was a 1: 393 chance of developing CKD in the next 5 y in the low risk group (risk score = 5, 505 events), respectively. Number needed to harm (NNTH) at 5 y when starting unboosted atazanavir or lopinavir/ritonavir among those with a low risk score was 1,702 (95% CI 1,166-3,367); NNTH was 202 (95% CI 159-278) and 21 (95% CI 19-23), respectively, for those with a medium and high risk score. NNTH was 739 (95% CI 506-1462), 88 (95% CI 69-121), and 9 (95% CI 8-10) for those with a low, medium, and high risk score, respectively, starting tenofovir, atazanavir/ritonavir, or another boosted protease inhibitor. The Royal Free Hospital Clinic Cohort included 2,548 individuals, of whom 94 individuals developed CKD (3.7%) during 18,376 PYFU (median follow-up 7.4 y, range 0.3-12.7 y). Of 2,013 individuals included from the SMART/ESPRIT control arms, 32 individuals developed CKD (1.6%) during 8,452 PYFU (median follow-up 4.1 y, range 0.6-8.1 y). External validation showed that the risk score predicted well in these cohorts. Limitations of this study included limited data on race and no information on proteinuria. Conclusions Both traditional and HIV-related risk factors were predictive of CKD. These factors were used to develop a risk score for CKD in HIV infection, externally validated, that has direct clinical relevance for patients and clinicians to weigh the benefits of certain antiretrovirals against the risk of CKD and to identify those at greatest risk of CKD.Peer reviewe

Impact of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis on myocardial remodeling and cardiovascular complications

Le remodelage cardiaque est un phénomène physiopathologique au cours duquel le muscle cardiaque est altéré au niveau structurel, i.e. tissulaire et cellulaire, et fonctionnel. Les implications cliniques sont diverses, notamment avec le développement de fibrillation atriale ou d'insuffisance cardiaque. Parmi les nombreux facteurs de risque identifiés, les Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases (NAFLD) ont un rôle émergeant. Ces maladies hépatiques, caractérisée par une stéatose, une inflammation et une fibrose, est associée au développement de pathologies du myocarde.Dans ce travail, nous posons l’hypothèse que ces NAFLD provoquent spécifiquement un remodelage cardiaque caractéristique au niveau histologique et fonctionnel. Afin d’explorer cette hypothèse, nous utilisons une approche translationnelle grâce à diverses cohortes issues du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, ainsi qu’un modèle murin de NAFLD. Trois objectifs distincts ont été définis : caractériser le remodelage atrial chez les patients NAFLD ; proposer une méthode diagnostic précoce du remodelage cardiaque ; proposer des hypothèses mécanistiques du lien foie-coeur grâce à une méthodologie translationnelle. D'abord, nous avons caractérisé le remodelage cardiaque atrial dans une cohorte de patients indiqués à l’ablation de fibrillation atriale. Chez ces patients, nous avons observé une association positive entre l'avancement de la pathologie hépatique (évaluée grâce à des scores clinico-biologiques) et d’une part, une dilatation et une dégradation de la contractibilité de l'atrium gauche estimée par échocardiographie, et d’autre part, la présence de zones de faibles voltages extravasculaires. Ce profil de remodelage était également associé à un mauvais pronostic de l'ablation. Dans une seconde cohorte de patients indiqués pour une chirurgie cardiaque (POMI-AF), nous avons mis en évidence la présence de fibrose dans le myocarde atrial chez les patients souffrant de NAFLD avancée.Ensuite, en utilisant la même cohorte POMI-AF, nous avons démontré que la quantification de la graisse myocardique (gouttelettes lipidiques intracardiomyocytaires) en IRM cardiaque grâce à une séquence VARPRO est une analyse robuste, fiable et réalisable chez des patients atteints de NAFLD.Enfin, dans un modèle murin de NAFLD développé au laboratoire (régime riche en lipides, sucrose et cholestérol pendant 24 semaines), nous décrivons la présence d’un remodelage cardiaque. Les souris sous régime provoquant une NAFLD développent une dysfonction contractile diastolique avec fraction d'éjection préservée, mesurée par échographie, en comparaison au groupe sous régime contrôle. Cette perte de fonction est associée à une hypertrophie ventriculaire gauche concentrique. Histologiquement, cette hypertrophie s'explique par une augmentation du diamètre cross-sectionnel des cardiomyocytes, associée par ailleurs à une fibrose diffuse interstitielle à point de départ vasculaire. Ces observations sont d'autant plus accentuées que l'atteinte hépatique est forte, renforçant l'hypothèse initiale. Un séquençage de l'ARNm total ventriculaire révèle un profil transcriptionnel fortement altéré chez les souris souffrant de NAFLD, en faveur d’un rendement énergétique altéré et d’une signature immunitaire profonde. Par la suite, l'étude des populations immunes en cytométrie en flux indique une infiltration myéloïde dans le myocarde, semblable à ce qui est observé dans un foie NAFLD. À partir de biopsies humaines, cette infiltration de macrophages est également mise en évidence chez les patients souffrant d'une NAFLD avancée [...]Cardiac remodeling is a pathophysiological phenomenon during which the cardiac muscle undergoes structural alterations at both tissue and cellular levels, leading to functional changes. The clinical implications are diverse, including the development of atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Among the numerous risk factors identified, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases (NAFLD) have an emerging role. This liver disease, characterized by steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, is associated with the development of myocardial pathologies.In this study, we hypothesize that NAFLD specifically triggers characteristic cardiac remodeling at both histological and functional levels. To explore this hypothesis, we employ a translational approach using various cohorts from the Lille University Hospital, as well as a murine model of NAFLD. Three distinct objectives have been defined: 1) demonstrate an association between atrial remodeling and NAFLD in patients; 2) propose an early diagnostic method for cardiac remodeling; 3) propose mechanistic hypotheses for the liver-heart connection through a translational methodology. Firstly, we characterized atrial cardiac remodeling in a cohort of patients indicated for atrial fibrillation ablation. Among these patients, we observed a positive association between the progression of hepatic pathology (assessed through clinical-biological scores) and, on one hand, dilation and impaired contractility of the left atrium as estimated by echocardiography, and on the other hand, the presence of areas with low extracellular voltages. This remodeling profile was also linked to a poor prognosis of ablation. In a second cohort of patients scheduled for cardiac surgery (POMI-AF), we demonstrated greater fibrosis in the atrial myocardium of patients with a high-risk NAFLD-related fibrosis compared to those without NAFLD. Next, using the same POMI-AF cohort, we showed that quantifying myocardial fat (intracardiomyocytic lipid droplets) using VARPRO MRI sequence is a robust, reliable, and feasible analysis in NAFLD-affected patients. Lastly, in a murine model of NAFLD developed in the laboratory (high-fat, sucrose, and cholesterol diet for 24 weeks), we described the presence of cardiac remodeling. Mice subjected to the NAFLD-inducing diet developed diastolic dysfunction with preserved ejection fraction, assessed by echocardiography, in comparison to the control diet group. This loss of function was associated with concentric left ventricular hypertrophy. Histologically, this hypertrophy was explained by an increase in the cross-sectional diameter of cardiomyocytes, which was also associated with diffuse interstitial fibrosisstarting from a vascular point. These observations were more pronounced with higher hepatic involvement, reinforcing the initial hypothesis. Total ventricular mRNA sequencing revealed a significantly altered transcriptional profile in NAFLD-affected mice, indicating impaired energy metabolism and a profound immune signature. Subsequently, flow cytometry analysis of immune populations revealed macrophage and dendritic cell infiltration in the myocardium, similar to what is observed in NAFLD liver. This macrophage infiltration was also evident in human biopsies from patients with advanced NAFLD.In conclusion, we demonstrate that NAFLD-associated cardiac remodeling affects both the left atrium and the left ventricle. Additionally, we have shown that quantifying cardiac lipid droplet accumulation is feasible using MRI. Finally, the myeloid infiltration observed in the myocardium of NAFLD patients and in our murine model suggests a potential link between hepatic dysimmunity and cardiac remodeling

Protection des plantes et sécurité alimentaire. L'avis de Georges Bories, de l'INRA (France)

National audienc

Il était une joie, Andersen / Didier Decoin

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