Thermal reversion of spirooxazine in ionic liquids containing the [NTf2]- anion

We have compared the rate of thermal reversion of Spirooxazine (SO) from its merocyanine (MC) form within ionic liquids and molecular solvents. Et(30) and Kamlet-Taft parameter studies indicate ILs are comparable to polar protic and aprotic solvents. The observed reversion kinetics within the ionic liquids were slower than that of molecular solvents with similar polarity, indicating a greater degree of interactions between the ionic liquid ions and the zwitterionic MC isomer, which led to increased lifetimes for the MC-ion complexes. Pre-metathesis cleaning of precursor salts was found to be necessary in order to obtain spectroscopic grade ILs for physiochemical analysis using solvatochromic probe dyes

The deductibility of interest expenditure in leveraged buyout transactions under South African Income Tax Law : a critical examination of recent developments

Includes bibliographical references.The aims of this paper, are twofold: first, to provide an overview of the South African tax law principles governing the deductibility of interest expenditure incurred by taxpayers in respect of LBO transactions, as altered by the recent changes to the Act, and secondly, to critically consider and comment on the nature and perceived effect of such amendments

Formatiewe assesseringspraktyke gedurende Covid-19 afstandsonderrig: laerskool wiskunde-onderwysers se ervarings

Thesis (MEdPsych)--Stellenbosch University, 2023.Master

An investigation of Gender Mainstreaming in Disarmament, Demobolisation, and Reintegration (DDR) Programmes : the case of the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo

Disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes aim to contribute to sustainable peace of a country after a violent conflict. In the early 1990s, DDR programmes were predominantly aimed at male combatants who were members of armed forces. Women in armed movements were generally viewed as non-combatants serving the needs of their male counterparts. Their agency – the ability to make choices and to transform these choices into desirable outcomes – was overlooked. In 1997, the United Nations (UN) Economic and Social Council recognised that women, like men, should participate in peace processes as equal partners and beneficiaries. This recognition paved the way for gender mainstreaming within UN peace operations, which meant that all planned actions, legislations, policies, and programmes should be assessed for their implications for men and women. The commitment to gender mainstreaming within the UN was reaffirmed with the adoption of the UN Security Council Resolution 1325 (UNSCR 1325) in October 2000. The aim of this research is to investigate gender mainstreaming in official regional and national DDR programmes since the adoption of UNSCR 1325, focusing on the case of eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). This research identified that gender mainstreaming has been incorporated, to an extent, within DDR programmes in the DRC. Women, however, are still viewed as passive victims by international and national agencies. Women’s agency within DDR programmes is primarily denied. When comparing the overall findings of the investigation and the objectives of UNSCR 1325, one can agree that gendered initiatives and attempts within the DRC have not ensured effective peace support operations, have not focused on gender equality, have not dealt with men and women in the same manner, and women were primary not given opportunities to play an equal part in economic, political, or social development within the DRC as active agents. The investigation of gender mainstreaming within the DRC has furthermore provided knowledge in that, although governments commit to UNSCR 1325, without political will, gender mainstreaming will not be enforced.Mini Dissertation (MSS)--University of Pretoria, 2017.Political SciencesMSSUnrestricte

The efficacy of endoscopic therapy in bleeding peptic ulcer patients

Background. Endotherapy is the primary modality for the control ofbleeding from peptic ulceration.Objective. To assess the efficacy of endoscopic intervention for high-risk bleeding peptic ulcer disease and to benchmark our surgical and mortality rates.Methods. Two hundred and twenty-seven patients with pepticulcers stratified by Rockall and Forrest scores as being at high risk for rebleeding underwent therapeutic intervention (adrenalin injection) between January 2004 and December 2009. The median age of the patients was 57 years (range 19 - 87 years); 60% were males.Results. Primary endoscopic haemostasis failed in 51/227 patients (22.5%); 18 patients (7.9%) required surgery for bleeding not controlled at initial or second endoscopy; and 29 patients (12.8%) died, 12 by day 3 and 17 by day 30. Fifteen patients, all with significant medical co-morbidity, died after successful primary endotherapy, and 4 died after surgery. Surgical patients required more blood (odds ratio (OR) 1.45, p=0.0001) than those not undergoing surgery, but had similar mortality. Rebleeding was the only predictor of death in patients who died by day 3 (OR 18.77). A high Rockall score was the only predictor of death by day 30 (OR 1.98).Conclusion. The overall surgical and mortality rates were 7.9% and 12.8%, respectively. Over half the deaths resulted from medical co-morbidity, despite successful primary endotherapy. This finding is supported by the use of the Rockall score as a predictor of mortality at day 30. Improving the technical success of primary endoscopic haemostasis, currently 77.5%, has the potential to reduce rebleeding after primary endotherapy, a predictor of death at day 3 in this study

Tuberculosis in an inflammatory bowel disease cohort from South Africa

Background. Potent immunosuppressive therapy is standard treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) but carries a risk of reactivating latent tuberculosis (TB). No data exist on the burden of TB in South African patients with IBD. Objective. To evaluate the burden of TB in IBD patients attending a large tertiary IBD clinic. Methods. A retrospective analysis was performed on data pertaining to patients attending the Groote Schuur Hospital IBD clinic. Data were extracted from an existing IBD database, patient notes, the National Health Laboratory Services database and chest X-ray analysis. Results. Of 614 patients, 72 (11.7%) were diagnosed with TB; 40 (55.6%) developed TB prior to the diagnosis of IBD. On regression analysis, coloured IBD patients were at increased risk for TB development (p=0.004, odds ratio (OR) 3.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.49 - 8.56), as were patients with extensive Crohn’s disease (CD) compared with those with less extensive disease (p=0.001,OR 2.84, 95% CI 1.27 - 6.33). No other risk factors, including the use of immunosuppressive agents, were identified for the development of TB. Conclusions. Of over 600 patients, 12% had TB either before or after IBD diagnosis. The high rate of previous TB and positive association with ethnicity probably reflects the high burden of TB in a socio-economically disadvantaged community. We recommend that IBD patients should be screened actively and monitored for TB when immunosuppressive medications are used

Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) and their applications [forthcoming]

Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) and Their Application

Innovation in overcoming road rehabilitation challenges faced in an urban environment: An in-depth case study

Paper presented at the 32nd Annual Southern African Transport Conference 8-11 July 2013 "Transport and Sustainable Infrastructure", CSIR International Convention Centre, Pretoria, South Africa.The design and implementation of a pavement rehabilitation project in a Central Business District (CBD) of a city poses numerous challenges. These challenges include the high design traffic, depth of pavement rehabilitation, presence of many services, traffic accommodation, pedestrian accommodation, construction period, construction materials, final level of construction, environmental and social impact and sustainability. The paper presents a case study of an innovative pavement design and construction process for the rehabilitation of Harvey Road and Hanger Street in Bloemfontein, South Africa. The paper addresses the practical rehabilitation option, which met the challenges faced on the project, as well as the construction materials mix design details, construction methods, time frames during construction as well as a cost comparison between conventional deep rehabilitation pavements and the innovative rehabilitation pavement. The design incorporates a bitumen emulsion stabilised crushed stone base, which includes reclaimed asphalt, paved with a paver on top of a mechanical stabilising grid.This paper was transferred from the original CD ROM created for this conference. The material was published using Adobe Acrobat 10.1.0 Technology. The original CD ROM was produced by Document Transformation Technologies Postal Address: PO Box 560 Irene 0062 South Africa. Tel.: +27 12 667 2074 Fax: +27 12 667 2766 E-mail: nigel@doctech URL: http://www.doctech.co.zamv201