La litis aestimatio desde la perspectiva del procedimiento formulario romano

[Resumen] El propósito del presente artículo es contribuir a la aclaración del término litis aestimationem sufferre, es decir, determinar las consecuencias procesales que producía el pago de la litis aestimatio por el demandado en el procedimiento formulario, con la finalidad de intentar precisar en mayor medida la naturaleza jurídica de la litis aestimatio, considerada por un gran sector de la doctrina romanista como un modo de adquirir la propiedad. El punto de partida es el análisis de los efectos del litis aestimationem sufferre del demandado tomando como base la histórica bipartición procesal romana entre actiones in rem y actiones in personam.[Abstract] The purpose of this article is to clarify the terminus: litis aestimationem sufferre, that is, to find out the procedural consequences that the payment of the litis aestimatio by the defendant produced in the roman formulary process, with the final intention of determining more clearly the juridical nature of the litis aestimatio, that is considered by an important sector of the doctrine a derivative modus adquirendi of the property. The starting point is the analysis of the effects of the litis aestimationem sufferre by the defendant, based on the historical roman procedural distinction between actiones in rem and actiones in personam

Diversos matices de la regulación de la cláusula penal en el ordenamiento español y alemán

Es werden alle einzelnen Paragraphen des BGB untersucht, die die Strafklausel betreffen sowie die in Deutschland hierzu geäußerte Rechtslehre, um diesbezügliche gemeinsame und abweichende Punkte zum spanischen Recht zu finden (Spanisches Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Gesetzessammlung Navarra, Vorschlag zur Modernisierung des Spanischen BGB in Bezug auf Pflichten und Verträge). Das Ziel der gesamten Untersuchung ist es, zu beleuchten, wie eine zukünftige Vereinheitlichung des europäischen Rechts in Bezug auf das Schuldrecht erzielt werden kann.The paragraphs the BGB dedicated to the penal clause are examined one by one, as well as the different doctrinal views expressed in Germany in order to find the common or divergent points in relation to Spanish regulations on this question (Civil Code, Navarre Compilation, Proposed Modernization of the Civil Code in terms of Obligations and Contracts). All with the aim of shedding light on a future unification of the European law of obligations.Se analizan uno a uno los parágrafos que el BGB dedica a la cláusula penal, así como las distintas opiniones doctrinales vertidas en Alemania con el fin de hallar los puntos comunes o divergentes con la normativa española acerca de este extremo (Código Civil, Compilación navarra, Propuesta de Modernización del Código Civil en materia de Obligaciones y Contratos). Todo ello con el objetivo de arrojar luz sobre una futura unificación del Derecho de obligaciones europeo

La naturaleza arbitraria de la actio de eo quod certo loco

[Resumen] En la doctrina romanista actual no se acepta la calificación de la actio de eo quod certo loco como actio arbitraria. Se trata en este artículo de confirmar la naturaleza arbitraria de esta acción, según consta claramente en las fuentes romanas y según ya se constató por la doctrina del siglo XIX, ya que en ella el iudex realiza un arbitrium, que consiste en la valoración pecuniaria del interés que las partes tienen en el cumplimiento de la prestación en el lugar preestablecido, procediendo a la absolución del demandado si éste presta garantía de que realizará la prestación en dicho lugar.[Abstract] The actual roman scholarship does not accept the description of the actio de eo quod certo as an actio arbitraria. This article tries to confirm the arbitrarian nature of this action, as it is clearly verified in the roman sources, and also by the roman scholars of the 19th century, because in this action the iudex makes an arbitrium, that is a monetary estimation of the interest that the parties have in the fulfilling of the obligation in the stipulated place, and absolves the defendant if he guarantees the fulfilling of the obligation in the mentioned place

Defending America's Food Supply Against Terrorism: Who is Responsible? Who Should Pay?

Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Q18, H44, H56,

How Should America's Anti-Terrorism Budget Be Allocated? Findings from a National Survey of Attitudes of U.S. Residents about Terrorism

U.S. residents are very concerned about future terrorist attacks and they are willing to commit substantial sums to prevent further terrorist acts. Protecting against another 9/11 style incident is important, but U.S. residents are more concerned about protecting the food supply system and preventing release of chemical or biological agents in public areas. On average respondents would allocate 13.3 percent more to protect the food supply chain and 12.0 percent more to protect against release of a toxic chemical or biological agent than they would to protect against another terrorist attack using hijacked aircraft. Approximately $5 billion is currently spent to protect civil aviation. The 2006 budget provided$8.6 billion of fiscal authority for programs protecting against all types of catastrophic terrorist incidents, including protection against radiological or nuclear incidents, as well as protecting the food supply and preventing chemical or biological attacks. No one would argue that decisions on the size and internal allocation of the nation's homeland security budget should be made on the basis of a public opinion survey, but this survey indicates that Americans would likely support additional spending to defend the food system and protect against release of a chemical or biological agent.Political Economy,

Analysis of Media Agenda-Setting Effects on Consumer Confidence in the Safety of the U.S. Food System

Results from continuous tracking of consumer confidence and media coverage of food safety events over a 67 week period between May 2008 and August 2009 are reported. An ordered probit model is used to test the hypothesis that media coverage of food safety events affects consumer confidence in the safety of the U.S. food system. The results show that media coverage significantly and negatively affected consumer confidence in the safety of nation’s food supply during the sample period. Socioeconomic and demographic factors such as geographic region, use of media source, household size, age, ethnicity, education, and gender also had significant affects on consumer confidence in the safety of United States food supply.Food Safety, Consumer Confidence, Mass media, ordered probit, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety,

Consumer Confidence in the Food System, Media Coverage and Stock Prices of Food Companies: A Regression Analysis

A series of recent and serious food safety incidents have generated a national debate over the significant costs that they impose on various stakeholders - consumers, industry, or the government. This paper examines the impact of media coverage of food safety and defense issues on consumer confidence in food safety, and measures the response of stock prices of food companies to changes in consumer confidence. Results show that, increases in media coverage have a negative impact on consumer confidence, and that decreases in the levels of consumer confidence on food safety have a negative impact on stock prices of food companies, in particular for the larger firms. These findings confirm that the financial performance of food the industry is negatively affected by category-specific food safety events, and the effects of media coverage on consumer confidence in the safety of the food system.Agribusiness, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety,

Narratives of family transition during the first year post-head injury: perspectives of the non-injured members.

To explore the narratives created by non-injured family members in relation to themselves and their family in the first year after head injury

La litis aestimatio desde la perspectiva del procedimiento formulario romano

El propósito del presente artículo es contribuir a la aclaración del término litis aestimationem sufferre, es decir, determinar las consecuencias procesales que producía el pago de la litis aestimatio por el demandado en el procedimiento formulario, con la finalidad de intentar precisar en mayor medida la naturaleza jurídica de la litis aestimatio, considerada por un gran sector de la doctrina romanista como un modo de adquirir la propiedad. El punto de partida es el análisis de los efectos del litis aestimationem sufferre del demandado tomando como base la histórica bipartición procesal romana entre actiones in rem y actiones in personam.The purpose of this article is to clarify the terminus: litis aestimationem sufferre, that is, to find out the procedural consequences that the payment of the litis aestimatio by the defendant produced in the roman formulary process, with the final intention of determining more clearly the juridical nature of the litis aestimatio, that is considered by an important sector of the doctrine a derivative modus adquirendi of the property. The starting point is the analysis of the effects of the litis aestimationem sufferre by the defendant, based on the historical roman procedural distinction between actiones in rem and actiones in personam