Seasonal variation in calcium carbonate saturation state of surface water at 2 stations in the Canada Basin, 2014 - 2015

第7回極域科学シンポジウム/横断セッション:[IA] ニーオルスン観測拠点設立25周年記念横断セッション—北極域の科学（ニーオルスン、GRENE、ArCS)—12月2日（金） 統計数理研究所 3階セミナー室D30

Sensors and Systems for in situ Observations of Marine Carbon Dioxide System Variables

Autonomous chemical sensors are required to document the marine carbon dioxide system's evolving response to anthropogenic CO2 inputs, as well as impacts on short- and long-term carbon cycling. Observations will be required over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, and measurements will likely need to be maintained for decades. Measurable CO2 system variables currently include total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (AT), CO2 fugacity (fCO2), and pH, with comprehensive characterization requiring measurement of at least two variables. These four parameters are amenable to in situ analysis, but sustained deployment remains a challenge. Available methods encompass a broad range of analytical techniques, including potentiometry, spectrophotometry, conductimetry, and mass spectrometry. Instrument capabilities (precision, accuracy, endurance, reliability, etc.) are diverse and will evolve substantially over the time that the marine CO2 system undergoes dramatic changes. Different suites of measurements/parameters will be appropriate for different sampling platforms and measurement objectives

Commentary on Ballou\u27s paper: Galois - The Myths and the Man

mathematics curriculum. As seen in her paper, the solution of the cubic essentially involves the use of a clever substitution in the general cubic in order to reduce it into a cubic without the square term, which in turn is factorable as a quadratic provided one makes another substitution. A natural question to ask ourselves, which mathematicians in the colorful theory of equations undoubtedly did as well, is how far can we push this technique of cle ver substitutions to solve higher degree equations. These substitutions are called Tschirnhaus transformations and have a pattern of the form x = y -a/n. In Ballou’s (2005) paper the transformation used in the cubic was x = y - a/3 which allowed us to get rid of the so-called pesky x2 term. For the general quartic the transformation is x = y –a/4 which in turn transforms the equation into a cubic solveable by Cardano’s method. The question is what happens when we try our technique of Tschirnhaus transformations into the general quintic. To find out we first need to make a sidetrack into a little history packed with drama