The biodiversity benefit of native forests and mixed-species plantations over monoculture plantations

Aim: China's Grain for Green Program (GFGP) is the largest reforestation programme in the world and has been operating since 1999. The GFGP has promoted the establishment of tree plantations over the restoration of diverse native forests. In a previous study, we showed that native forests support a higher species richness and abundance of birds and bees than do GFGP plantations and that mixed-species GFGP plantations support a higher level of bird (but not bee) diversity than do any individual GFGP monocultures (although still below that of native forests). Here, we use metabarcoding of arthropod diversity to test the generality of these results. Location: Sichuan, China. Methods: We sampled arthropod communities using pan traps in the land cover types concerned under the GFGP. These land use types include croplands (the land cover being reforested under the GFGP), native forests (the reference ecosystem as the benchmark for the GFGP’s biodiversity effects) and the dominant GFGP reforestation outcomes: monoculture and mixed-species plantations. We used COI-amplicon sequencing (“metabarcoding”) of the arthropod samples to quantify and assess the arthropod community profiles associated with each land cover type. Results: Native forests support the highest overall levels of arthropod species diversity, followed by mixed-species plantations, followed by bamboo and other monocultures. Also, the arthropod community in native forests shares more species with mixed-species plantations than it does with any of the monocultures. Together, these results broadly corroborate our previous conclusions on birds and bees but show a higher arthropod biodiversity value of mixed-species plantations than previously indicated by bees alone. Main conclusion: In our previous study, we recommended that GFGP should prioritize the conservation and restoration of native forests. Also, where plantations are to be used, we recommended that the GFGP should promote mixed-species arrangements over monocultures. Both these recommendations should result in more effective protection of terrestrial biodiversity, which is an important objective of China's land-sustainability spending. The results of this study strengthen these recommendations because our policy prescriptions are now also based on a dataset that includes over 500 species-resolution taxa, ranging across the Arthropoda

Optimization of a class of tryptophan dendrimers that inhibit HIV replication leads to a selective, specific, and low-nanomolar inhibitor of clinical isolates of enterovirus A71

Tryptophan dendrimers that inhibit HIV replication by binding to the HIV envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41 have unexpectedly also proven to be potent, specific, and selective inhibitors of the replication of the unrelated enterovirus A71. Dendrimer 12, a consensus compound that was synthesized on the basis of the structure-activity relationship analysis of this series, is 3-fold more potent against the BrCr lab strain and, surprisingly, inhibits a large panel of clinical isolates in the low-nanomolar/high-picomolar range.This work has been supported by the Spanish MINECO (Project SAF2012-39760-C02-01, cofinanced by the FEDER program; Plan Nacional de Cooperación Público-Privada; and Subprograma INNPACTO IPT-2012-0213-060000, cofinanced by the FEDER program) and the Comunidad de Madrid (BIPEDD2-CM-S2010/BMD-2457). This work was also funded by EU FP7 (FP7/2007-2013) Project EUVIRNA under Grant408 Agreement 264286 by EU FP7 SILVER (Contract HEALTH-F3-2010- 260644), a grant from the Belgian Interuniversity Attraction Poles (IAP) Phase VII–P7/45 (BELVIR), and the EU FP7 Industry-Academia Partnerships and Pathways Project AIROPICO. The Spanish MEC/MINECO is also acknowledged for a grant to E.R.-B. L.S. was funded by China Scholarship Council (CSC) Grant 201403250056. We also acknowledge Charlotte Vanderheydt for help with the processing of the antiviral data.Peer Reviewe

Heavy metal contamination of soils in China: standards, geographic distribution, and food safety considerations. A review

This article reviews the conditions of heavy metal contamination of China’s soils. The article starts with a discussion of the official environmental standards of soils in China, in terms of heavy metal contamination, and the extent of that contamination. Then, the article discusses the geographic distribution of soil contamination, and the food safety impact. The problem in China is that the provinces with the highest rates of soil contamination are also provinces with the largest amount of food production. This results in high contamination of food, with 13.86 % of grain produced in China being affected by heavy metal contamination. Hunan Province represents the worst conditions: it is responsible for 32.1 % of China’s cadmium (Cd) emissions, 20.6 % of its arsenic (As) emissions, 58.7 % of its mercury (Hg) emissions, and 24.6 % of its lead (Pb) emissions. While Hunan Province produces about 15 % of the total rice output of the country, according to official data, 13 % ofthe total area of the province has been contaminated with waste and heavy metals from mines. In many areas, especially those closer to mines, the agricultural production exceeds the official food safety standards

Los efectos del programa “Grain for Green” de China en migración y remesas

[EN] The Grain for Green (GfG) is the largest reforestation program of the world. It involved payments to farmers to convert their marginal farmland. Many farmers decided to migrate. This paper looks at some of the household features associated with migration by GfG-participants, and the importance of remittances to those who remained behind. Fieldwork for this research was carried out in Pengshui County in Chongqing Municipality. Several variables affect migration, including education, land ownership and household size. For most households, remittances consist of over 90 percent of all household incomes, but the amount remitted tends to level off when it reaches a certain size, regardless of the number of household members who migrated.[ES] El Grain for Green (GfG) es el programa de reforestación más grande del mundo. Implicaba pagos a los agricultores para transformar sus tierras marginales en la vegetación original (generalmente forestal). Muchos agricultores decidieron emigrar. Este documento analiza algunas de las características del hogar asociadas con la migración por parte de los participantes de GfG, y la importancia de las remesas para quienes se quedaron atrás. El trabajo de campo para esta investigación se llevó a cabo en el distrito de Pengshui en el municipio de Chongqing. Varias variables afectan la migración, incluidas la educación, la propiedad de la tierra y el tamaño del hogar. Las remesas forman más del 90 por ciento de todos los ingresos familiares, pero la cantidad total remitida tiende a estabilizarse cuando alcanza un cierto tamaño, independientemente de la cantidad de miembros del hogar que emigraron.Delang, CO. (2019). The effects of China’s Grain for Green program on migration and remittance. Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales - Agricultural and Resource Economics. 18(2):117-141. https://doi.org/10.7201/earn.2018.02.06SWORD11714118

Pengaruh Jenis Residu Kompos Biochar dan Umur Defoliasi Daun Jagung (Zea mays L.) terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Kacang Merah (Phaseulus vulgaris L.) dalam Tumpangsari Salome

This study aims to determine the effect of residues of biochar compost in the second crop season and the effect of defoliation age treatment on corn leaves on growth and yield of red bean plants with corn salome intercropping. The research was carried out from July to November 2019 in the experimental garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Timor, Sasi Village, Kota Kefamenanu District, TimorTengah Utara Regency (TTU), Nusa Tenggara Timur Province (NTT). This study used a factorial 3 x 3 Randomized Block Design (RAK) which was repeated 3 times. The first factor is the type of biochar residue which consists of 3 levels, namely cow manure biochar compost residue, goat manure biochar compost residue, horse manure biochar compost residue. The second factor was the time of defoliation of corn leaves which consisted of 3 levels, namely without defoliation, defoliation at 35 DAP, defoliation at 55 DAP, so there were 9 treatment combinations, which were repeated 3 times so that there were 27 experimental units. The results showed that there was a positive effect according to the DMRT test at 5% level between the combination of biochar compost residue treatment and corn leaf defoliation age treatment on soil temperature 60 DAP, soil volume weight 60 DAP, and canopy dry weight. The single factor treatment of biochar compost residue enriched with goat manure was able to modify the plant growing environment and increase plant growth and yield. The single factor treatment of corn leaf defoliation age 35 DAP was able to increase the growth and yield of red bean plants.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh residu jenis kompos biochar pada musim tanaman kedua dan pengaruh perlakuan umur defoliasi daun jagung terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman kacang merah dengan tumpangsari salome tanaman jagung. Penelitian telah dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli sampai dengan November 2019 di kebun percobaan Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Timor, Kelurahan Sasi, Kecamatan Kota Kefamenanu, Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara (TTU), Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT). Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) Faktorial 3 x 3 yang diulang sebanyak 3 kali. Faktor Pertama adalah jenis residu biochar yang terdiri dari 3 aras yaitu residu kompos biochar pupuk kandang sapi, residu kompos biochar pupuk kandang kambing, residu kompos biochar pupuk kandang kuda. Faktor kedua adalah waktu defoliasi daun jagung yang terdiri dari 3 aras yaitu tanpa defoliasi, defoliasi pada umur 35 HST, defoliasi pada umur 55 HST, sehingga terdapat 9 kombinasi perlakuan, yang diulang sebanyak 3 kali sehingga terdapat 27 satuan percobaan. Hasil Penelitian menunjukan terjadi pengaruh positif menurut uji DMRT taraf 5% antara kombinasi perlakuan jenis residu kompos biochar dan perlakuan umur defoliasi daun jagung terhadap suhu tanah 60 HST, berat volume tanah 60 HST, dan berat kering tajuk. Faktor tunggal perlakuan jenis residu kompos biochar yang diperkaya pupuk kandang kambing mampu memodifikasi lingkungan tumbuh tanaman dan meningkatkan pertumbuhan serta hasil tanaman. Faktor tunggal perlakuan umur defoliasi daun jagung 35 HST mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman kacang merah

Mapping Yearly Fine Resolution Global Surface Ozone through the BME Data Fusion of Observations and Model Output for 1990–2017

Estimates of ground-level ozone concentrations are necessary to determine the human health burden of ozone. To support the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study, we produce fine resolution global surface ozone estimates for each year from 1990 to 2017 through the statistical fusion of observations and atmospheric chemistry models. We use the Bayesian Maximum Entropy (BME) framework to integrate surface observations with a multi-model composite, which is the linear combination of atmospheric models that best reproduces observations. The BME estimates match observations at each monitoring site with the influence of an observation decreasing across space and time. After estimating at 0.5° resolution using BME, we add fine spatial detail based on a fine resolution model. Our final product estimates annual global surface ozone for 1990-2017 at 0.1° resolution, and shows a positive trend in population weighted ozone globally, driven by highly populated and polluted regions of Asia and Africa.Master of Science in Environmental Engineerin

Asuhan Kebidanan Berkelanjutan pada Ny Y.S.L di Puskesmas Kopeta tanggal08 April S/D 22 Mei 2019

Latar Belakang:Tahun 2015hasil Survey Demografi dan Kesehatan Indonesia (SDKI) mencatat AKI mengalami penurunan dari 359 menjadi 305per 100.000 kelahiran hidup dan Angka Kematian Bayi tahun 2015 sebesar 22,23 per 1000 kelahiran hidup. (Kemenkes RI, 2015). Data profil dinas kesehatan Kabupaten Sikka AKI tahun 2017 93/100.000 kelahiran hidup dan tahun 2018 mengalami peningkatan menjadi 192/100.000 kelahiran hidup.(Profil Dinkes kabupaten Sikka,2018).Pemberian asuhan kebidanan berkelanjutan pada ibu hamil trimester III sampai perawatan masa nifas diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi dalam upaya menurunkan (AKI) dan (AKB) di Indonesia serta tercapainya kesehatan ibu dan anak yang optimal. Tujuan Umum: Memberikan asuhan kebidanan berkelanjutan pada Ny. Y.S.L. di Puskesmas Kopeta. Metode: Jenis studi kasus menggunakan studi penelahan kasus dengan unit tunggal, pengumpulan data primer dan sekunder serta pendekatan 7 langkah varney dan metode SOAP. Hasil: Asuhan kebidanan berkelanjutan pada Ny.Y.S.L selama kehamilan trimester III dengan masalah sering kencing dimalam hari teratasi. Proses persalinan dengan persalinan spontan tanpa ada penyulit di Puskesmas Kopeta pada tanggal 12 April 2019 di tolong oleh Bidan. Pada masa nifas berjalan normal tanpa penyulit dan di lakukan kunjungan nifas sebanyak 3 kali.Pada BBL dengan bayi baru lahir normal tanpa ada penyulit dan di lakukan kunjungan neonates sebanyak 3 kali.Ibu bersedia menggunakan KB IUD setelah anaknya berusia 42 hari. Simpulan: Setelah melakukan semua asuhan kebidanan berkelanjutan pada Ny.Y.S.L berjalan dengan lancar yang ditandai dengan keluhan selama hamil teratasi dengan baik, persalinan terjadi di fasilitas kesehatan, perawatan bayi berjalan dengan baik, masa nifas normal dan motifasi KB behasil,keadaan ibu dan bayi sehat dan normal

Utilización de la acupuntura como estrategia terapéutica en instituciones publicas y privadas Managua, 1995

Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal cuali-cuantitativo de la utilización de la acupuntura como estrategia terapéutica en algunos servicios de salud institucionales, privados y populares en diferentes zonas del caso urbano de Managu

Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kualitas Laporan Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah Yang Dimoderasi Lingkungan Eksternal

This study aimed to examine and analyze the effect of the accounting information system and human resources on the quality of and human resources on the quality of local government financial statements, which were moderated by the external environment. The method used in this study was quantitative research, the data collection technique used purposive sampling with the slovin formula. In line with that, there were 56 employes as the sample. The data were primary with questionnaires survey as the instrument of data sampling to thr respondents the data analyze technique used multiple linear regression and Moderated Regresaion Analyze. As a result, both the accounting information system and human resources had a positive effect on the quality of local government financial statements. Additionally, moderating variable with Moderated Regression Analysis showed that the external environment was able to moderate the human resources on the quality of local government financial statements. However, the environment could not moderate the accounting information system on the quality of local government financial statements