Determination of Agents and Their Strategies in River Basin according to Game Theory

Ecological approaches in planning discipline have been discussed since 1960s, but the coordination between economical developments, environmental sustainability and planning is lack. We observe that environmental problems continue increase. In existing planning approaches, by natural resources are being evaluated in plans. However it is known that this is not sufficient to formulate the relationship between environmental value and planning decision-making process In an approach of planning that aims to protect the environmental values and balanced use of these values, it is important that plan borders and management site. There is no possibility for sustainability if the plan borders overlap with the river basin?s borders. The aim of this study is to determine the players who decides about usage of resources in Susurluk river basin and affects the environmental quality and to find out the their strategies and conflicts. This study, which aims to find the optimum balance between conflicts of decision-makers by ?game theory?, is survey of an unfinished doctorate thesis. ?Game theory?, which is a mathematical approach that explains the rational behaviour of the conflicted agents and explains the utility for them, is used in economics and international relations. It is easier to define agents and their competition, and their conflicts in these areas, however it is more difficult to do that in environmental issues and planning because there are a lot of players and strategies in the game. The important thing is finding out the players and analysing them. In this study, basic parts of the game will be determined in order to use them in the game theory method. Basic parts of the game are players, acts, information, strategies, pay offs, outcomes and equilibrium. At the end of the study while players and acts will be determined, the answers about the play will be found the pure strategies and mixed strategies are, if there is any cooperation in the game, expected utility, risk and uncertainty situations. Then all will be discussed for determining the rules of the game. Susurluk River Basin, which is chosen as the study area, has high level of pollution due to the development of industry and increase of population. There are 81 municipalities near the river basin that is under control of 3 city authorities. The method selected for the study will search the water pollution in the river basin first. Water pollution analysis that is done in 1982 and 2000 will be determined by Ministry of Energy and Natural Resource - The General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI) in the water pollution research. Sides in other words players will be determined by investigating the pollution source and who is effected at the polluted points. Examining the horizontal and vertical relationships and existing laws helps to determine the strategies and operations of the players in the management organisation of the river basin. Strategies and benefits will be discussed with authorised personnel of municipality, ministry, and governorship. Key Words: sustainable development, river basin planning, game theory

Determination of Agents and Their Strategies in River Basin according to Game Theory

Ecological approaches in planning discipline have been discussed since 1960s, but the coordination between economical developments, environmental sustainability and planning is lack. We observe that environmental problems continue increase. In existing planning approaches, by natural resources are being evaluated in plans. However it is known that this is not sufficient to formulate the relationship between environmental value and planning decision-making process In an approach of planning that aims to protect the environmental values and balanced use of these values, it is important that plan borders and management site. There is no possibility for sustainability if the plan borders overlap with the river basin's borders. The aim of this study is to determine the players who decides about usage of resources in Susurluk river basin and affects the environmental quality and to find out the their strategies and conflicts. This study, which aims to find the optimum balance between conflicts of decision-makers by ?game theory?, is survey of an unfinished doctorate thesis. ?Game theory?, which is a mathematical approach that explains the rational behaviour of the conflicted agents and explains the utility for them, is used in economics and international relations. It is easier to define agents and their competition, and their conflicts in these areas, however it is more difficult to do that in environmental issues and planning because there are a lot of players and strategies in the game. The important thing is finding out the players and analysing them. In this study, basic parts of the game will be determined in order to use them in the game theory method. Basic parts of the game are players, acts, information, strategies, pay offs, outcomes and equilibrium. At the end of the study while players and acts will be determined, the answers about the play will be found the pure strategies and mixed strategies are, if there is any cooperation in the game, expected utility, risk and uncertainty situations. Then all will be discussed for determining the rules of the game. Susurluk River Basin, which is chosen as the study area, has high level of pollution due to the development of industry and increase of population. There are 81 municipalities near the river basin that is under control of 3 city authorities. The method selected for the study will search the water pollution in the river basin first. Water pollution analysis that is done in 1982 and 2000 will be determined by Ministry of Energy and Natural Resource - The General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI) in the water pollution research. Sides in other words players will be determined by investigating the pollution source and who is effected at the polluted points. Examining the horizontal and vertical relationships and existing laws helps to determine the strategies and operations of the players in the management organisation of the river basin. Strategies and benefits will be discussed with authorised personnel of municipality, ministry, and governorship. Key Words: sustainable development, river basin planning, game theor

ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF TOURISM IN THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF TURKEY

Tourism, since Second World War has shown significant progress and its contribution to economic development. It will be considered that tourism sector will be a major sector in the globalization of economic development process. In Turkey tourism sector has shown great progress since 1980. The contribution of foreign currency helped to reduce foreign debt and unemployment even if the country was having economic problems. In this study, firstly the significance of tourism and the contribution of this sector to economic development are studied. Secondly, an econometric model concerning the relationship between tourism and economic development are constructed. The accuracy of this model is tested by statistical method.Tourism, Turkish Economy, Economic Growth, Regressions with ARIMA models.

Óleos essenciais no controle do oídio em pimentão.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a eficiência de óleos essenciais no controle do oídio em pimentão

Psychosocial Training: A Case of Self-Efficacy Improvement in an Italian School

The changes that the regulatory institutions have imposed on the Italian school system over the last decades may actually result in contradictory effects at the individual and organizational levels: resistance or indifference on the one hand and training or coping strategies on the other. The paper focuses on the impact of such changes on teachers, as professional workers within public schools and individual participants of change. The paper refers to psychosocial training as a coping strategy, analysing how school teachers deal with work-related stress, and what impact a training intervention might have on some individual dimensions. Subsequently, in the longitudinal study presented, we analysed whether the training intervention conducted was effective in terms of learning and change. The case under consideration is a primary school located in the South of Italy, and the participants in the training and research were 92 female teachers. In order to investigate the effectiveness of the designed and applied training programme, we measured how some important psychological dimensions have changed over time: self-efficacy, job satisfaction and interpersonal strain. According to a sociological learning approach, the results suggest the effectiveness of training programmes as enablers of change and solutions to some change paradoxes; when they respond to the identified needs, they are based on practical activities that require a collective participation, they focus on social relationships and processes and the knowledge is created through the transformation of experience. In the school context, the psychosocial training might represent a solution, if not a prevention strategy, for change management

An institutional review of transarterial embolization in haemorrhagic urological emergencies

OBJECTIVE: To review the effectiveness of therapeutic transarterial embolization in controlling phagic urological emergencies irrespective of the cause of emergencies. METHODS: Thirty-seven vascular angiographies were performed in 32 patients (19 males and 13 females, age range 19-70 years) who were referred with haemorrhagic urological emergencies to Aga Khan University Hospital\u27s angiography suite from July 2005 to June 2010. Embolization was performed with coils, polyvinyl alcohol particles, N-Butyl cyanoacrylate glue and gel foam according to the clinical indication. Data on clinical indication, technique, site and type of bleeding lesions were obtained from a retrospective review of medical records. Success rate, clinical outcome and complications of the procedure were analysed. RESULTS: Indications of procedure included iatrogenic injury (16), Renal mass on clinical examination and imaging (4), haematuria with pseudoaneurysm on examination (3), haematuria with no known cause (3), post traumatic renovascular injury (2) Renal arteriovenous fistulas (2), Carcinoma of prostate (1) and pelvic arteriovenous (AV) fistula (1). Twenty four patients underwent successful endovascular control of bleeding. Eight examinations were negative for active extravasation, two of whom showed haemorrhage in second session and were embolized. Two sessions were needed in two patients at different time intervals. Complication as dislodgement of coil in distal profunda femoris artery was seen in one patient with no significant obstruction to flow. CONCLUSION: Transarterial renal angioembolisation is a safe and effective therapeutic tool for managing haematuria or haemorrhage in urological emergencies. Wherever and whenever indicated it should be the first preferred treatment modality

Structural, EPR, photo and thermoluminescence properties of ZnO:Fe nanoparticles

Zn (1-x)Fe (x)O (1+0.5x) (x = 0.5-5 mol) nanoparticles were synthesized by a low temperature solution combustion route. The structural characterization of these nanoparticles by PXRD, SEM and TEM confirmed the phase purity of the samples and indicated a reduction in the particle size with increase in Fe content. A small increase in micro strain in the Fe doped nanocrystals is observed from W-H plots. EPR spectrum exhibits an intense resonance signal with effective g values at g â 2.0 with a sextet hyperfine structure (hfs) besides a weak signal at g â 4.13. The signal at g â 2.0 with a sextet hyperfine structure might be due to manganese impurity where as the resonance signal at g â 4.13 is due to iron. The optical band gap E g was found to decrease with increase of Fe content. Raman spectra exhibit two non-polar optical phonon (E 2) modes at low and high frequencies at 100 and 435 cm -1 in Fe doped samples. These modes broaden and disappear with increase of Fe dopant concentration. TL measurements of γ-irradiated (1-5 kGy) samples show a main glow peak at 368°C at a warming rate of 6.7°Cs -1. The thermal activation parameters were estimated from Glow peak shape method. The average activation energy was found to be in the range 0.34-2.81 eV. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved