La Combinazione dolo-colpa nella preterintenzione: contro il regresso al <i>dolus indirectus</i>

The combination malice-negligence with reference to different elements of the same type of offence represents a framework which is becoming more frequent in the Italian criminal justice system. This combination should be valid also in the interpretation of unpremeditated offences, where the recent jurisprudence, differently, enhances a form of liability which is very close to dolus indirectus theorized by Carpzov and which covered the consequences usually deriving from a specific action. Affirming that in the malice of blows and injuries there is always the risk for the more serious event means to render unnoticeable the unpremeditation from dolus eventualis and accept an hidden objective liability. The principle of culpability imposes the scrutiny of a real negligence, even if it is discussed if it is realised in the same way in which it comes from licit activities. La combinazione dolo-colpa con riferimento a elementi diversi della stessa fattispecie rappresenta uno schema che si sta sempre più affermando nel sistema penale italiano. Tale combinazione deve valere in via interpretativa anche per la preterintenzione, dove invece la recente giurisprudenza valorizza una forma di imputazione che si avvicina al dolus indirectus teorizzato da Carpzov e che copriva le conseguenze che derivano abitualmente da una determinata azione. Affermare che nel dolo di percosse e lesioni sta sempre il rischio per l'evento più grave significa rendere indistinguibile la preterintenzione dal dolo eventuale e accettare una responsabilità oggettiva occulta. Il principio di colpevolezza impone invece l'accertamento di una vera colpa, anche se è discusso se essa si concretizzi nello stesso modo in cui scaturisce da attività lecite

Alle origini del concetto di dolo: dall'etica di Aristotele al diritto penale romano

Lo studio delle origini del dolo è tema di indagine intersettoriale. Innanzitutto coinvolge non solo il diritto penale sostanziale ma anche quello processuale. Il dolo poi non è mai descritto in una formula legislativa generale e astratta ma è concetto etico che trova espressione sostanziale e processuale nella punizione dei delitti di sangue. In quanto concetto etico, lo studio delle origini del dolo non può procedere disgiunto dalla considerazione filosofica. Unica forma di responsabilità  colpevole, il dolo coincide con la forma tipica dell'agire umano, la volontarietà  cioè della condotta. L'identificazione del male, storicamente precaria, è in origine semplice. Il male è rappresentato dalle aggressioni alla persona e al patrimonio e pertanto etica, religione e diritto penale non hanno problemi di convivenza, ma anzi coincidono. Nel guardare con gli occhi di oggi all'elemento soggettivo e in particolare al dolo nelle civiltà  greca e romana, è necessario tenere presente che la natura delle fonti, spesso non giuridiche ma letterarie, e la mancanza di una disciplina generale e astratta delle forme dell'atteggiamento psicologico, rendono possibile la ricerca di modi di sentire piuttosto che di compiuti concetti. Punto di estrapolazione di questi modi di sentire è solitamente la repressione dell'omicidio e in genere dei delitti di sangue, innanzitutto perché generalmente perseguiti e poi perché soprattutto con riferimento a questi rilevava l'esistenza, la diversità  e la intensità  dell'atteggiamento psicologico. Lo schema classico di studio del dolo - struttura, oggetto e accertamento - è frutto della scienza penalistica moderna, così come la ricchezza di contenuti di ogni singola fase di studio

Colorado Visual and Performing Arts Education Survey Statistical Report: A Comprehensive Survey of Arts Education in the Colorado Schools

Approximately 25% of Colorado Public Schools provided a detailed description of the size and scope of their formal and informal (extra-curricular) arts education programs via a voluntary survey in January of 2008. Sixty-six percent of the school districts had at least one school participate in the study. The objective of the study was to quantify the level, type and scope of arts education offered and delivered to Colorado public school students

Early to Mid Wisconsin fluvial deposits and palaeoenvironment of the Kidluit Formation, Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands, western Arctic Canada

The Kidluit Formation (Fm) is a fluvial sand deposit that extends regionally across the Tuktoyaktuk Coastlands, western Arctic Canada. It was deposited by a large river flowing north into the Arctic Ocean prior to development of a cold-climate sandy desert and later glaciation by the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Lithostratigraphic and sedimentological field observations of the Summer Island area indicate deposition of the Kidluit Fm by a braided river system. Optical stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of Kidluit sand provides eight OSL ages of 76–27 ka, which indicate deposition during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 4 and MIS 3. Radiocarbon dating of well-preserved weevil remains, a willow twig, wild raspberry seeds and bulrush achenes provides non-finite 14C ages of >52,200, >51,700, >45,900 and >54,700 14C BP and are assigned an age of either MIS 4 or early MIS 3. Plant macrofossils from the sand deposit indicate spruce forest conditions and climate slightly warmer than present, whereas insect fossils indicate tundra conditions slightly colder than present. The river system that deposited the Kidluit Fm was probably either a pre-Laurentide Mackenzie River or the palaeo-Porcupine River, or a combination of them

PMC21 PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOMES IN PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT GUIDANCE

Medina Campeny, XavierHomenatge a Mercè Rodoreda amb una reproducció del personatge de la Colometa, a la Plaça del Diamant, novel·la de l'escriptora. Al 1984 es va posar provisionalment a la pl. Rius i Taulet. Al 1990 es va traslladar a l'actual emplaçament

The impact of rotavirus gastroenteritis on the family

BACKGROUND: Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in young children and causes substantial morbidity and mortality. Although the clinical aspects have been well described, little information is available regarding the emotional, social, and economic impact of rotavirus gastroenteritis on the family of a sick child. The objectives of this study were to: 1) assess the family impact of rotavirus gastroenteritis through qualitative interviews with parents; 2) compare the clinical severity of rotavirus-positive and negative gastroenteritis; 3) test a questionnaire asking parents to rank the importance of various factors associated with a case of rotavirus gastroenteritis. METHODS: The study enrolled parents and children (2–36 months of age) brought to one of the study sites (outpatient clinic or ER) if the child experienced ≥ 3 watery or looser-than normal stools and/or forceful vomiting within any 24-hour period within the prior 3 days. The clinical severity of each child's illness was rated using a clinical scoring system and stool samples were tested for rotavirus antigen. Parents of rotavirus-positive children were invited to participate in focus group or individual interviews and subsequently completed a questionnaire regarding the impact of their child's illness. RESULTS: Of 62 enrolled children, 43 stool samples were collected and 63% tested positive for rotavirus. Illness was more severe in children with rotavirus-positive compared to rotavirus-negative gastroenteritis (92% vs. 37.5% rated as moderate/severe). Seventeen parents of rotavirus-positive children participated in the interviews and completed the written questionnaire. Parents were frightened by the severity of vomiting and diarrhea associated with rotavirus gastroenteritis, and noted that family life was impacted in several ways including loss of sleep, missed work, and an inability to complete normal household tasks. They expressed frustration at the lack of a specific medication and the difficulty of treating the illness with oral rehydration solutions, but had a largely positive outlook concerning the prospect of a rotavirus vaccine. CONCLUSION: A better understanding of how rotavirus gastroenteritis impacts the family can help healthcare providers ease parental fears and advise them on the characteristics of this illness, practices to prevent infection, and the optimal care of an affected child

A quality, benefit, cost, and financial framework for health information technology: a model for e-prescribing

The objective of this project is to develop a framework for payors, integrated delivery systems, policy makers/legislators, and those who influence public policy that will assist them in the development of incentives and payment mechanisms in the context of health information technologies, such as e-prescribing

Keeping Internet Pirates At Bay: Ransomware Negotiation In The Healthcare Industry

The law plays a significant role in all negotiations, regardless of the contex