L’influence du capital social sur la formation du capital humain chez les élèves résilients de milieux socioéconomiques défavorisés

Cette étude examine l’influence du capital social de l’école et de la famille sur la formation du capital humain chez les jeunes en examinant comment ce capital social permet aux élèves issus des milieux socioéconomiques défavorisés de surmonter les difficultés inhérentes à leur origine. Les données de l’enquête PISA 2000, réalisée auprès des jeunes Canadiens, montrent qu’il existe une association significative entre le capital social de l’école et de la famille et les résultats des élèves en lecture. Le test d’Anova permet de constater que, quelle que soit l’origine socioéconomique, les élèves qui obtiennent un résultat supérieur à la moyenne canadienne sont ceux qui bénéficient d’un capital social de l’école élevé en ce qui concerne l’utilisation des ressources éducatives disponibles.This study examines the influence of social capital of the school and family on the development of human capital among youth. The authors examine how social capital allows students from low socioeconomic milieu to go beyond the difficulties associated with their origins. The data from the PISA 2000 survey of Canadian youth show that there is a significant association between the social capital of the school and the family and the students’ results in reading. The ANOVA analysis allowed the authors to note that, regardless of the socioeconomic origins, those students who obtained a result above the Canadian mean score are those who benefited from a school’s social capital that was considered to be high in regards to the use of available educational resources.Este estudio considera la influencia del capital social de la escuela y de la familia sobre la formación del capital humano en lo jóvenes, examinando cómo ese capital social permite a los alumnos procedentes de medios socioeconómicos desfavorecidos superar las dificultades inherentes a su origen. Los datos de la encuesta PISA 2000, realizada con jóvenes canadienses, muestran que existe una asociación significativa entre el capital social de la escuela y de la familia y los resultados de los alumnos. La prueba de Anova consta que, sea cual sea el origen socioeconómico, los alumnos que logran un resultado superior al promedio canadiense son los que benefician de un capital social de la escuela elevado en lo que atañe a la utilización de los recursos educativos disponibles

T-CELL TREATMENTS FOR SOLID AND HEMATOLOGICAL TUMORS

Cell-based therapies have demonstrated potency and efficacy as cancer treatment modalities. T cells can be dichotomized by their T cell receptor (TCR) complexes where alpha/beta T cells (95% of T cells) and gamma/delta T cells (+T cells proliferated to clinically significant numbers and ROR1+ tumor cells were effectively targeted and killed by both ROR1-specific CAR+ T cell populations, although ROR1RCD137 were superior to ROR1RCD28 in clearance of leukemia xenografts in vivo. The second specific aim focused on generating bi-specific CD19-specific CAR+ gamma/delta T cells with polyclonal TCRgamma/delta repertoire on CD19+ artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC). Enhanced cytolysis of CD19+ leukemia was observed by CAR+ gamma/delta T cells compared to CARneg gamma/delta T cells, and leukemia xenografts were significantly reduced compared to control mice in vivo. The third specific aim looked at the broad anti-tumor effects of polyclonal gamma/delta T cells expanded on aAPC without CAR+ T cells, where Vdelta1, Vdelta2, and Vdelta3 populations had naïve, effector memory, and central memory phenotypes and effector function strength in the following order: Vdelta2\u3eVdelta3\u3eVdelta1. Polyclonal gamma/delta T cells eliminated ovarian cancer xenografts in vivo and increased survival compared to control mice. Thus, translating these methodologies to clinical trials will provide cancer patients novel, safe, and effective options for their treatment

Les politiques québécoises d’intervention en milieux scolaires défavorisés : regard historique et bilan critique

Ce texte propose une analyse historique et critique de l’évolution des politiques d’intervention québécoises en milieux défavorisés au cours des cinquante dernières années. Il s’attarde d’abord à reconstituer l’évolution des principaux enjeux de ces politiques (conception du lien entre pauvreté et éducation, orientations et moyens, modes de gestion, répartition de rôles et pouvoirs, évaluation des résultats). Par la suite, il trace un bilan critique des politiques qui ont été menées afin de formuler, en s’inspirant des enseignements du passé, certaines suggestions susceptibles d’alimenter la réflexion sur l’avenir de ces politiques.This article provides a historical and critical analysis of the developments of Quebec’s policy-making in disadvantaged school environments over the past fifty years. It first looks back on the evolution of the main policy challenges (link between poverty and education, orientations and resources, management procedures, sharing out of roles and power, outcomes evaluation). Then the implemented policies are critically assessed and some thought-provoking suggestions are made of possible future policies.Este texto propone un análisis histórico y crítico de la evolución de las políticas de intervención de Québec en los entornos desfavorecidos a lo largo de los cincuenta últimos años. Primero reconstituye la evolución de las principales implicaciones de dichas políticas (concepción de la relación entre pobreza y educación, orientaciones y medios, modos de gestión, reparto de los papeles y de los poderes, evaluación de los resultados). Después, hace un balance crítico de las políticas realizadas con el fin de formular, inspirándose de las lecciones del pasado, algunas sugerencias susceptibles de alimentar la reflexión sobre el porvenir de esas políticas.Dieser Text stellt eine historische und kritische Analyse der Interventionspolitik in benachteiligten sozialen Milieus in Quebec in den letzten fünfzig Jahren vor. Er fasst zuerst die Entwicklung der Hauptschwerpunkte dieser Politik zusammen (Auffassung der Verbindung zwischen Armut und Erziehung, Orientierung und Mittel, Verwaltungsmodalitäten, Verteilung der Rollen und der Macht, Bewertung der Ergebnisse). Dann skizziert er eine kritische Bilanz der durchgeführten Politik, um einige Anregungen zu formulieren, die die Überlegungen über die Zukunft dieser Politik fördern können

Dual Face of Vγ9Vδ2-T Cells in Tumor Immunology: Anti- versus Pro-Tumoral Activities

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An Ethnographic Study of the Use of Puppetry with a Children's Group

This study utilized an ethnographic methodology to examine and describe the various aspects and processes occurring in a children's group as the members created their own puppets and accompanying puppet plays. Individual and interactive behavior patterns were isolated and analyzed as a means of gaining an in depth understanding of the puppetry process. The puppetry process, in turn, was viewed in terms of information it provided regarding the individual members and the group process. The facilitative and non-facilitative aspects of the procedure were delineated. The adult leader met with a group of six boys, in grades four and five, for 12 one-hour sessions in which they made puppets and then created puppet plays around issues that they had articulated as problems. The group sessions were videotaped and transcribed. The transcriptions were coded in an effort to extensively analyze the puppetry process and the group process, and the ways in which the two processes interacted. An independent observer/rater was utilized in order to provide some validity for the researcher's reported results. The puppet-making task appeared to offer an opportunity for individuals to begin to come together in a common, but individual task. Characteristic styles and individual personality dynamics were evidenced. General response to the task was enthusiastic, with varying degrees of satisfaction expressed regarding their finished products. The play-creating and performing process met with less success than the puppet-making. While the group members appeared to be generally amenable to contributing ideas for the puppet plays, the process met with far more resistance in the cooperative task of putting their ideas into a finished product. The group discussion and interaction that occurred around these tasks provided a vehicle by which to view levels of interpersonal skills and the group's overall stage of development. The puppets the children created appeared to act as metaphors in expressing the group members' views of themselves and in enabling the symbolic representation of some of their central concerns. The plays they created paralleled the process that actually took place in the group. The subject matter and content of the puppets and plays provided information and evidence as to how each member approached and solved problems. The discrepancies in the ways in which the researcher and the independent observer/rater viewed the positive and negative social/emotional interactions of the group members, coupled with the small number of subjects included in this study preclude generalizing to other groups of children at this time. Further studies, with additional groups of children, utilizing parametric statistics are called for before any such generalizations can be made

Les représentations du système scolaire des familles issues de milieux défavorisés

Le présent texte s’attarde d’abord au concept de représentation sociale utilisé aux fins de notre travail. Puis, il explique la méthodologie utilisée pour effectuer la recension des écrits, en expose les principaux résultats et dégage les conclusions qui s’imposent.INTRODUCTION 1; LES REPRÉSENTATIONS SOCIALES, LES FAMILLES ET L’ÉCOLE 4; MÉTHODOLOGIE DE LA RECENSION 7; RÉSULTATS 13; UNE FONCTION COGNITIVE PERMETTANT LA COMPRÉHENSION ET L’EXPLICATION DE LA RÉALITÉ 14; UNE FONCTION IDENTITAIRE DE DÉFINITION ET DE SAUVEGARDE DE LA SPÉCIFICITÉ DES GROUPES 18; UNE FONCTION D’ORIENTATION GUIDANT LES COMPORTEMENTS ET LES PRATIQUES ET UNE FONCTION JUSTIFICATRICE PERMETTANT DE JUSTIFIER A POSTERIORI LES PRISES DE POSITION ET LES COMPORTEMENTS 19; CONCLUSION 22; BIBLIOGRAPHIE 24

Enhanced detection of neoantigen-reactive T cells targeting unique and shared oncogenes for personalized cancer immunotherapy.

Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) targeting neoantigens can mediate tumor regression in selected patients with metastatic epithelial cancer. However, effectively identifying and harnessing neoantigen-reactive T cells for patient treatment remains a challenge and it is unknown whether current methods to detect neoantigen-reactive T cells are missing potentially clinically relevant neoantigen reactivities. We thus investigated whether the detection of neoantigen-reactive TILs could be enhanced by enriching T cells that express PD-1 and/or T cell activation markers followed by microwell culturing to avoid overgrowth of nonreactive T cells. In 6 patients with metastatic epithelial cancer, this method led to the detection of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells targeting 18 and 1 neoantigens, respectively, compared with 6 and 2 neoantigens recognized by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, respectively, when using our standard TIL fragment screening approach. In 2 patients, no recognition of mutated peptides was observed using our conventional screen, while our high-throughput approach led to the identification of 5 neoantigen-reactive T cell receptors (TCRs) against 5 different mutations from one patient and a highly potent MHC class II-restricted KRASG12V-reactive TCR from a second patient. In addition, in a metastatic tumor sample from a patient with serous ovarian cancer, we isolated 3 MHC class II-restricted TCRs targeting the TP53G245S hot-spot mutation. In conclusion, this approach provides a highly sensitive platform to isolate clinically relevant neoantigen-reactive T cells or their TCRs for cancer treatment

Anti-CD3 Fab Fragments Enhance Tumor Killing by Human γδ T Cells Independent of Nck Recruitment to the γδ T Cell Antigen Receptor

T lymphocytes expressing the γδ T cell receptor (γδ TCR) can recognize antigens expressed by tumor cells and subsequently kill these cells. γδ T cells are indeed used in cancer immunotherapy clinical trials. The anti-CD3ε antibody UCHT1 enhanced the in vitro tumor killing activity of human γδ T cells by an unknown molecular mechanism. Here, we demonstrate that Fab fragments of UCHT1, which only bind monovalently to the γδ TCR, also enhanced tumor killing by expanded human Vγ9Vδ2 γδ T cells or pan-γδ T cells of the peripheral blood. The Fab fragments induced Nck recruitment to the γδ TCR, suggesting that they stabilized the γδ TCR in an active CD3ε conformation. However, blocking the Nck-CD3ε interaction in γδ T cells using the small molecule inhibitor AX-024 neither reduced the γδ T cells' natural nor the Fab-enhanced tumor killing activity. Likewise, Nck recruitment to CD3ε was not required for intracellular signaling, CD69 and CD25 up-regulation, or cytokine secretion by γδ T cells. Thus, the Nck-CD3ε interaction seems to be dispensable in γδ T cells