Assessing the Impact of Community Gardens in Mitigating Household Food Insecurity and Addressing Climate Change Challenges: A Case Study of Ward 18, Umdoni Municipality, South Africa

South Africa, while nationally acknowledged as food secure, grapples with persistent household food insecurity, particularly in rural areas. Addressing this issue, the implementation of community gardens has gained traction. This mixed methods study focuses on the impact of community gardens on food security at the household level, exemplified by the community gardens in ward 18 of Umdoni Municipality. These gardens not only provide sustenance but also generate supplementary income through surplus crop sales. However, climate change threatens food systems and vulnerable livelihoods, necessitating assessment. A survey of 120 community garden participants was conducted, employing questionnaires and focused group discussions to gauge perspectives on crop production and food security. The survey revealed that 58.3% of participants did not receive sufficient food from community gardens, while 41.7% reported adequate supply. Only 15.8% achieved food security, with the majority (40%) experiencing moderate food insecurity. Challenges cited encompassed shifting rainfall patterns, temperature fluctuations, heightened disease, and pest pressures, and altered planting seasons. Intriguingly, despite their establishment, community gardens appeared ineffective in substantially improving household food security. These findings underscore the need for enhancing productivity and climate resilience within community gardens. Future research could illuminate strategies to bolster garden productivity and mitigate climate change impacts

Challenges of user data privacy in self-sovereign identity verifiable credentials for autonomous building access during the COVID-19 pandemic

Self-sovereign identity is an emerging blockchain technology field. Its use cases primarily surround identity and credential management and advocate the privacy of user details during the verification process. Our endeavor was to test and implement the features promoted for self-sovereign identity through open- and closed-source frameworks utilizing a scenario of building access management to adhere to health risk and safety questionnaires during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our investigation identifies whether user data privacy could be ensured through verifiable credentials and whether business practices would need to evolve to mitigate storing personal data centrally

Factors Affecting the Choice and Level of Adaptation Strategies Among Smallholder Farmers in KwaZulu Natal Province

Smallholder vegetable farmers grow diverse crops for family use and surplus sales. These farming activities contribute to enhancing local food security and the economy, but the farmers face challenges like limited resources and climate vulnerability. These smallholder farmers are more susceptible to climate variability and therefore need effective adaptation strategies to mitigate the challenges. This study sought to determine the factors that influence the choice and level of adaptation strategies among smallholder vegetable farmers in KwaZulu Natal Province. Primary data utilized in this study were obtained from 200 participants that were selected through random sampling. The descriptive results indicated that the majority of the farmers experienced climate variability and employed carbon and water-smart agricultural practices. The study employed the Multivariate Probit Model and Count Data Model/GLM Correlation Test to analyze the adaptation strategies and the level of their implementation by the selected vegetable farmers. The first hurdle of the probit model results showed that education level and land size positively and significantly influence smallholder farmers’ adaptation strategies, while marital status, household size, income source, soil type, membership of the association, and supply chain involvement had a significant and negative effect on adoption of adaptation strategies. The results from the second hurdle showed that household size, the total size of land used for vegetable production, sandy, silt, and loam soil had a significant and negative effect on the level of adaptation strategy used, whilst the total size of land owned had a positive and significant impact on the level of adaptation strategy used by the smallholder vegetable farmers. The study concludes that education level and total land size are associated with improved farmers’ climate variability adaptative capacity. The vegetable farmers’ ability to adapt to climate variability challenges was negatively influenced by factors like marital status, household size, and soil type negatively impacted these strategies. The study recommends that the government considerably supports the Climate Smart Agriculture initiatives, such as alternatives like hot houses, training, credit access, and sustainable practices to enhance farmers’ resilience and national food security. These may include but are not limited to alternatives like hot houses, as well as addressing barriers through training, credit access, and sustainable practices to enhance farmers’ resilience and national food security

Single surgeon case series of myelomeningocele repairs in a developing world setting: Challenges and lessons

Purpose: Neural Tube Defects are the second most common group of birth malformations following congenital heart anomalies, with myelomeningoceles being the most severe manifestation (MMC). They require expedited surgical repair, preferably within 72 ​h of birth. In low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) where resources are limited, timing to MMC repair is not optimal and leads to undesirable outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a proactive approach in a setting from a LMIC could achieve repair within 72 ​h. Methods: A concerted effort to expedite repair of all neonates referred with a MMC was undertaken from 01 January 2014 to 1 August 2015. A consensus was reached between neonatologists and neurosurgeons that neonates born or admitted with a MMC are referred immediately to surgeons and that repair will be performed within 72 ​h of birth. Hospital records of neonates who had MMC repaired during this period were reviewed for infant characteristics and hospital outcomes. Results: 24 patients with a MMC were operated upon by the senior author (CP) during the study period. Only 13 of these patients were born at the treating institution and 11 were referred from outside hospitals. Most MMCs were in the lumbosacral region and mean MMC surface area was 19.4 ​cm2. Mean time to repair for the entire series was 13.6 days. Patients born at the treating institution has a mean time to repair of 10.5 days and patients referred from outside had a mean time to repair of 17.3 days. Series wide, only 21% of neonates were operated upon in less than 72 ​h. Conclusion: Despite a pro-active commitment to repairing MMCs within 72 ​h for the duration of this series, satisfactory time to repair was not achieved. Late referral, referral from outside hospitals and operating theatre availability were the predominant factors leading to delay in MMC repair. Nevertheless, time to repair in our series was significantly shorter than that reported in MMC repair series based in similar environments. This suggests that even if the gold-standard of a 72-h window cannot be achieved, neonates benefit from much quicker repair when a concerted effort to minimise repair time is employed. This study also highlights the urgent need to address health care constraints in LMIC to improve outcomes for this vulnerable group