Contracting for Environmental Property Rights: The Case of Vittel

Based on an authentic case of contracting for environmental property rights, our paper shows several implications of applying the Coases propositions. The case study adds empirical content to basic transaction costs concepts by analyzing the design and implementation of a contractual arrangement between a pollutee a bottler of mineral water Vittel and several polluting farmers. We analyze the bargaining between land and water rights owners and the bottler Vittel to determine how transaction cost issues (valuation disputes, bi-lateral monopoly conditions, and third-party effects) were overcome and how they succeeded in contracting for environmental property rights. We provide several comparisons of the Vittel case with other similar cases, leading to generalizations and testable propositions for environmental rights negotiations.case study, contracting, environmental property rights, environmental-related transactions, private arrangement, Vittel, Environmental Economics and Policy, H23, K23, Q15, Q25,

Effect of grain disorientation on early fatigue crack propagation in face-centred-cubic polycristals: A three-dimensional dislocation dynamics investigation

Three-dimensional dislocation dynamics simulations are used to study micro-crack interaction with the first micro-structural barrier in face-centred cubic bi-crystals loaded in high cycle fatigue conditions. In the examined configuration, we assumed that micro-crack transmission occurs due to surface relief growth in the secondary grain ahead of the primary crack. This indirect transmission mechanism is shown to strongly depend on grain-1/grain-2 disorientation. For instance, small grain disorientation induces plastic strain localisation ahead of the crack and faster transmission through the first barrier. Conversely, large grain-1/grain-2 disorientation induces plastic strain spreading similar to crack tip blunting yielding slower indirect transmission. A semi-analytical micro-model is developed based on the present simulation results and complementary experimental observations highlighting the original notion of first-barrier compliance. The model captures well known experimental trends including effects of: grain-size, grain disorientation and micro-crack retardation at the first barrier

Utilizing Cypress to improve the decay and termite resistance of OSB panels

OSB panels were manufactured with mixture of pine and cypress heartwood and lignin and tannin based resins in order to propose an eco-friendly wood composite. The resistance of OSB panels was tested against Reticulitermes santonensis according to the EN 118 and EN 117 standards and field tests methods. OSB made from cypress showed more resistance against the tested termite, the resistance decreased as the percentage of pine increased. The degree of attack differed according the choice of standard procedure. The field test results revealed that in exterior conditions and when the termites had a feeding choice, all mixtures showed the same behaviour

Low-strain fatigue in 316L steel surface grains, a three dimension discrete dislocation dynamics modelling of the early cycles. Part-2: Persistent slip markings and micro-crack nucleation

International audienceThe early stages of formation of persistent slip markings in fatigue are analysed, using three-dimensional discrete dislocation dynamics modelling. The surface displacements due to slip are computed using a specific post-processing method. Fatigue simulations under various strain ranges and grain sizes have been performed. The resulting surface slip markings and their evolutions are analyzed quantitatively, in terms of the marking height and thickness. A detailed scheme for persistent slip marking formation and morphology is proposed, in relation to the persistent slip-band dislocation arrangements present within the grain. The simulations show the crucial role of these arrangements for the extrusion-intrusion growth and localisation of slip at the band edges. Local stress concentrations inside the crystal and their relations to damage initiation are also analysed. The results provide insights for an original micro-crack initiation scheme, combining different initiation mechanisms as described in the literature

Occurrence of caprine leucocyte antigen (CLA) in Creole goats susceptible/resistant to heartwater

Certaines lignées de chèvres ont montré une prédisposition génétique à manifester des symptômes cliniques de la cowdriose. Afin d'élucider une implication possible du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité (CMH) dans la pathogénie de la cowdriose, les antigènes ALC de classe I, codés par le CMH caprin, de plus de 100 chèvres Créole, ont été typés sérologiquement. Le CMH est un système génétique qui influence des processus immunologiques différents, c'est-à-dire sur la réponse immunitaire individuelle. A l'aide de nos allosérums ont été détectés 13 allèles de ALC différents qui se retrouvent également dans les races suisses, deux antigènes non-CMH et un nouveau groupe défini par la combinaison de deux antigènes. Les fréquences alléliques des antigènes ALC détectés étaient différentes entre les groupes résistant et sensible. Il reste à éclaircir si les différences représentent des effets régionaux de population, ou si elles indiquent une pression de sélection par l'agent pathogène. Des tests additionnels sont en cours sur des chèvres résistantes ou sensibles originaires d'un même environnement, ainsi que sur des animaux issus de croisements entre caprins résistants et sensible

Biological properties of an OSB eco-product manufactured from a mixture of durable and nondurable species and natural resins

International audienceOSB panels were manufactured with a mixture of pine and cypress heartwood and lignin and tannin based resins in order to propose an eco-friendly wood composite. The resistance of OSB panels against Reticulitermes santonensis was tested according to EN 118 and EN 117 as well as in a field test. OSB made from cypress showed more resistance against the tested termite, the resistance decreased as the percentage of pine increased. The degree of attack differed according to the choice of standard procedure. The field test results revealed that in outdoor conditions and when the termites had a feeding choice, all mixtures showed the same behaviour. The decay resistance was assessed according to EN 12038, and the results revealed that the resistance increases when the percentage of cypress increases

La multifonctionnalite de l'agriculture entre efficacite et equite

Agricultural multifonctionnality between efficiency and equity the case of territorial exploitation contracts in Auvergne - A specific grid for analyzing multifunctionality was created in order to identify the arguments (allocation/distribution), objectives and gearing of the program Territorial Exploitation Contract. This grid is proving to be a useful tool for analyzing and examining the coherence of a multifunctional policy. The simultaneous pursuit of objectives (allocation/distribution) creates tensions between sector and territory, to the detriment of the latter

Sustainable roll-to-roll manufactured multi-layer smart label

International audienceAbstract Sustainability in electronics has a growing importance due to, e.g. increasing electronic waste, and global and European sustainability goals. Printing technologies and use of paper as a substrate enable manufacturing of sustainable electronic devices for emerging applications, such as the multi-layer anti-counterfeit label presented in this paper. This device consisted of electrochromic display (ECD) element, NFC (near field communication) tag and circuitry, all fully roll-to-roll (R2R) printed and assembled on plastic-free paper substrate, thus leading to a sustainable and recyclable device. Our setup uses harvested energy from HF field of a smartphone or reader, to switch an electrochromic display after rectification to prove authenticity of a product. Our novelty is in upscaling the manufacturing process to be fully printable and R2R processable in high-throughput conditions simulating industrial environment, i.e. in pilot scale. The printing workflow consisted of 11 R2R printed layers, all done in sufficient quality and registration. The printed antennas showed sheet resistance values of 32.9±1.9 mΩ/sq. The final yield was almost 1500 fully printed devices, and in R2R assembly over 1400 labels were integrated with 96.5% yield. All the assembled tags were readable with mobile phone NFC reader. The optical contrast (ΔE*) measured for the ECDs was over 15 for all the printed displays, a progressive switching time with a colour change visible in less than 5 s. The smart tag is ITO-free, plastic-free, fully printed in R2R and has a good stability over 50 cycles and reversible colour change from light to dark blue

FR 06. Doe rabbit performances in Martinique

The purpose of this study was to analyse the litter size performance and to estimate the effect of farms, month of weaning and litter size on the reproductive performances of doe rabbits reared under semi-intensive conditions in Martinique. Data were collected from 5 farms units in Martinique between February 1994 and September 1995. Rabbitries were populated with locally adapted stock of mixed breeding, including contributions from several breeds - New Zealand White, Californian and local breed. The percentage of stillborn and the percentage of kits dead between kindling and weaning were significantly different between litter sizes at birth. The percentage of mortinatality was significantly smaller in litter size including between 6-9 (6.95 %) than the other groups: respectively 10.75 % and 10.69 %. Preweaning mortality was higher in litter sizes > 10 than others groups (39.53 % vs 28.29 % and 25.96 %). This result showed that the optimum litter size was included between 6-9 kits total bom by litter. The doe performance traits reported in this study were comparable with those reviewed and reported by different authors in Caribbean island, but were inferior to those observed in temperate climate. Beyong the unfavorable effect of the month of weaning, some of these differences in performances were connected with high frequency of “small” litter size and quit high general mortality. The improvement in management of mating and reproductive replacement and the satisfaction of nutrient requirements for nursing does could certainly increase the doe performances in Martinique. Besides, the generalization of cross-fostering to equilize the litter size between 6-9 kits, could to enable to control the mortality between kindling and weaning

The rheumatoid arthritis specific Sa antigen is citrullinated vimentin

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