Proposition de système national du conseil rural. République du Niger – Haut-Commissariat à l'Initiative 3N " Les nigériens nourrissent les nigériens "

L'analyse historique du conseil rural au Niger montre qu'après une longue période de forte mobilisation de l'État de 1960 à 1998, culminant avec la mise en oeuvre du Programme de Renforcement des Services d'Appui à l'Agriculture, les pouvoirs publics se sont partiellement désengagés du conseil rural et les services techniques se sont repositionnés de fait sur leurs fonctions régaliennes. La situation actuelle du conseil rural est marquée par plusieurs éléments forts : (i) L'absence d'un système national unifié de conseil rural ; (ii) La pluralité et la diversité des dispositifs de conseil sur le terrain, dispositifs non coordonnés entre eux ; (iii) Globalement un faible taux de couverture des producteurs (encore plus faible pour les productrices) ; (iv) L'adéquation partielle offres/demandes-besoins de conseil rural ; (v) La très forte dépendance financière des différents dispositifs vis-à-vis des bailleurs de fonds internationaux et l'absence de mécanismes de financement innovants. L'absence constatée d'un système national de conseil rural est dû au fait que plusieurs fonctions transversales importantes sont actuellement peu ou pas remplies. Il s'agit en particulier des fonctions de pilotage stratégique, de coordination des dispositifs de terrain, de suivi-évaluation et capitalisation, de production de messages, de formation des conseillers et de recherche de financements. Il existe pourtant une pluralité et une diversité de dispositifs de conseil sur le terrain : dispositifs publics, dispositifs d'organisations professionnelles (OP), groupements de services conseil (GSC), centres de prestation de services (CPS), dispositifs des vétérinaires privés de proximité (SVPP), dispositifs d'ONG, etc. Ces dispositifs de terrain représentent une ri-chesse du point de vue des acteurs impliqués, des modalités de gouvernance et des méthodes/outils de conseil. Cependant ces dispositifs ne sont pas coordonnés entre eux et échangent peu d'informations. Malgré cette pluralité des dispositifs de terrain, le taux de couverture des producteurs reste faible, estimé à environ 1 conseiller pour 1000 producteurs en moyenne. Ce taux de couverture est de plus très variable d'une région à l'autre, d'un département à un autre dans une même région et d'une commune à une autre au sein d'un même département. Ce taux est plus élevé au sein des OP professionnelles possédant des dispositifs de conseil structurés. Malgré une relative diversité de modèles techniques de conseil, le conseil technique (ou vulgarisation technique) reste dominant, notamment avec la démarche de champ école. Les préoccupations économiques au niveau de la parcelle, du troupeau et encore plus de l'exploitation agricole sont peu / pas prises en compte. Il en résulte une adéquation partielle entre l'offre et les besoins de conseil. Si des compétences existent pour répondre aux besoins de base (alphabétisation, animation rurale, conseil technique de base, conseil en structuration d'OP, conseil de gestion aux OP), il n'en est pas de même pour répondre aux besoins plus avancés et pointus des OP professionnelles et des producteurs experts. Le conseil technique pointu, le conseil technico-économique, le conseil de gestion aux exploitations, les conseils d'entreprise et juridique aux OP, le conseil pour la gestion collective des ressources naturelles (eau, sol, parcours), ne sont actuellement pas disponibles au-delà de quelques expériences pilotes limitées. Il semble pourtant important de pouvoir mieux accompagner cette frange dynamique de producteurs ruraux et d'OP avancées, qui pourraient ainsi développer leurs activités et servir de "locomotive " et de modèle aux autres. Des be-soins spécifiques, comme ceux des pasteurs nomades et ceux des femmes et des jeunes, sont encore peu pris en compte. En revanche il y a quasi unicité du modèle financier : ces dispositifs de terrain dépendent pour l'essentiel de financements de bailleurs de fonds internationaux, à part quelques cas singuliers qui arrivent à s'autofinancer partiellement. La problématique du financement est donc une question centrale pour la mise en place d'un système national d'appui conseil : un mécanisme national de financement devra donc être mis en place pour financer, au moins partiellement, le conseil rural dans sa diversité. Ce diagnostic confirme certains éléments du diagnostic FAO/SDR de 2008-2010 : faible taux de couverture, activités de conseil des agents de terrain " diluées " dans d'autres fonctions, mélange des fonctions de conseil et de contrôle, dominance du conseil technique, absence de coordination, faible synergie entre le conseil et les autres services en particulier pour le crédit agricole, etc. Ce diagnostic montre en revanche des évolutions très significatives par rapport à la situation de 2008-2010 : importance quantitative et qualitative des dispositifs non publics de conseil portés par les OP, les GSC, les SVPP, émergence de producteurs experts et d'OP professionnelles exigeant des conseils plus pointus, émergence d'OP professionnelles en mesure d'être commanditaires, prestataires et bénéficiaires du conseil, lien entre conseil aux producteurs et conseil aux OP, renforcement du RECA et des CRA. Il est donc évident qu'on ne peut pas aujourd'hui refaire les mêmes choix qu'en 2010, voire qu'à l'époque du PRSAA. (Résumé d'auteur

Virological outcomes of second-line protease inhibitor-based treatment for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in a high-prevalence rural South African setting: a competing-risks prospective cohort analysis

Background. Second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) based on ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors (bPIs) represents the only available option after first-line failure for the majority of individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide. Maximizing their effectiveness is imperative. Methods. This cohort study was nested within the French National Agency for AIDS and Viral Hepatitis Research (ANRS) 12249 Treatment as Prevention (TasP) cluster-randomized trial in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. We prospectively investigated risk factors for virological failure (VF) of bPI-based ART in the combined study arms. VF was defined by a plasma viral load >1000 copies/mL ≥6 months after initiating bPI-based ART. Cumulative incidence of VF was estimated and competing risk regression was used to derive the subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) of the associations between VF and patient clinical and demographic factors, taking into account death and loss to follow-up. Results. One hundred one participants contributed 178.7 person-years of follow-up. Sixty-five percent were female; the median age was 37.4 years. Second-line ART regimens were based on ritonavir-boosted lopinavir, combined with zidovudine or tenofovir plus lamivudine or emtricitabine. The incidence of VF on second-line ART was 12.9 per 100 person-years (n = 23), and prevalence of VF at censoring was 17.8%. Thirteen of these 23 (56.5%) virologic failures resuppressed after a median of 8.0 months (interquartile range, 2.8-16.8 months) in this setting where viral load monitoring was available. Tuberculosis treatment was associated with VF (SHR, 11.50 [95% confidence interval, 3.92-33.74]; P < .001). Conclusions. Second-line VF was frequent in this setting. Resuppression occurred in more than half of failures, highlighting the value of viral load monitoring of second-line ART. Tuberculosis was associated with VF; therefore, novel approaches to optimize the effectiveness of PI-based ART in high-tuberculosis-burden settings are needed

HIV non-B subtype distribution: emerging trends and risk factors for imported and local infections newly diagnosed in South Australia

Monitoring HIV subtype distribution is important for understanding transmission dynamics. Subtype B has historically been dominant in Australia, but in recent years new clades have appeared. Since 2000, clade data have been collected as part of HIV surveillance in South Australia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of and risk factors for HIV-1 non-B subtypes. The study population was composed of newly diagnosed, genotyped HIV subjects in South Australia between 2000 and 2010. We analyzed time trends and subtype patterns in this cohort; notification data were aggregated into three time periods (2000–2003, 2004–2006, and 2007–2010). Main outcome measures were number of new non-B infections by year, exposure route, and other demographic characteristics. There were 513 new HIV diagnoses; 425 had information on subtype. The majority (262/425) were in men who have sex with men (MSM), predominantly subtype B and acquired in Australia. Infections acquired in Australia decreased from 77% (2000–2003) to 64% (2007–2010) ( p = 0.007) and correspondingly the proportion of subtype B declined from 85% to 68% ( p = 0.002). Non-B infections were predominantly (83%) heterosexual contacts, mostly acquired overseas (74%). The majority (68%) of non-B patients were born outside of Australia. There was a non-significant increase from 1.6% to 4.2% in the proportion of locally transmitted non-B cases (p = 0.3). Three non-B subtypes and two circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) were identified: CRF_AE (n = 41), C (n = 36), CRF_AG (n = 13), A (n = 9), and D (n = 2). There has been a substantial increase over the past decade in diagnosed non-B infections, primarily through cases acquired overseas

Impact of next-generation sequencing defined human immunodeficiency virus pretreatment drug resistance on virological outcomes in the ANRS 12249 treatment-as-prevention trial

Background Previous studies in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals on thymidine analogue backbone antiretroviral therapy (ART) with either nevirapine or efavirenz have suggested poorer virological outcomes in the presence of pretreatment drug resistance (PDR). We assessed the impact of PDR on virological suppression (VS; <50 copies/mL) in individuals prescribed primarily tenofovir/emtricitabine/efavirenz in rural KwaZulu-Natal within a treatment-as-prevention trial. Methods Among 1557 HIV-positive individuals who reported no prior ART at study entry and provided plasma samples, 1328 individuals with entry viral load (VL) >1000 copies/mL had next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the HIV pol gene with MiSeq technology. Results were obtained for 1148 individuals, and the presence of PDR was assessed at 5% and 20% detection thresholds. Virological outcome was assessed using Cox regression in 837 of 920 ART initiators with at least 1 follow-up VL after ART initiation. Results PDR prevalence was 9.5% (109/1148) and 12.8% (147/1148) at 20% and 5% thresholds, respectively. After a median of 1.36 years (interquartile range, 0.91–2.13), mostly on fixed-dose combination tenofovir/emtricitabine/efavirenz, presence of both nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)/nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor PDR vs no PDR was associated with longer time to VS (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12–0.86), while there was no difference between those with only NNRTI PDR vs no PDR (aHR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.82–1.34) at the 5% threshold. Similar differences were observed for mutations detected at the 20% threshold, although without statistical significance. Conclusions NGS uncovered a high prevalence of PDR among participants enrolled in trial clinics in rural KwaZulu-Natal. Dual-class PDR to a mainly tenofovir/emtricitabine/efavirenz regimen was associated with poorer VS. However, there was no impact of NNRTI PDR alone

Simulation de crise -24h dans la tempête

National audienceL'accroissement des crises et cyber crises touchant les organisations publiques et privées, tantà l'échelle nationale qu'internationale, appelle la création d'une culture du management de crise et de la cybersécurité. Pour former les organisations a ce risque croissant et préparer les professionnels aux cyberattaques, nous avons expérimenté un exercice de gestion de crise alliant cyberattaques, attaques communicationnelles et atteintes a la réputation, attaques sur le corps métier et kidnapping. Afin de se rapprocher des conditions proches du réel, cet exercice s'est effectué de manière immersive sur 24 heures consécutives. Les 14 et 15 janvier derniers, des cellules constituées par des membres de la Chancellerie de Genève, par des assistants en informatique de gestion et des professionnels de tous horizons ont subi "24 heures dans la tempête". Ces cellules ontété confrontéesà une crise majeure d'une entreprise dans le milieu financier. Le bilan de la simulation est extrêmement encourageant : les participants sont enrichis, transformés, renforcés. Après cette expérience positive, cette simulation est dorénavant mature et elle peutêtre réitéréeà plus largeéchelle avec un nombre plus important de formations impliquées

AvBD1 nucleotide polymorphisms, peptide antimicrobial activities and microbial colonisation of the broiler chicken gut

Abstract Background The importance of poultry as a global source of protein underpins the chicken genome and associated SNP data as key tools in selecting and breeding healthy robust birds with improved disease resistance. SNPs affecting host peptides involved in the innate defences tend to be rare, but three non-synonymous SNPs in the avian β-defensin (AvBD1) gene encoding the variant peptides NYH, SSY and NYY were identified that segregated specifically to three lines of commercial broiler chickens Line X (LX), Line Y(LY) and Line Z. The impacts of such amino acid changes on peptide antimicrobial properties were analysed in vitro and described in relation to the caecal microbiota and gut health of LX and LY birds. Results Time-kill and radial immune diffusion assays indicated all three peptides to have antimicrobial properties against gram negative and positive bacteria with a hierarchy of NYH > SSY > NYY. Calcein leakage assays supported AvBD1 NYH as the most potent membrane permeabilising agent although no significant differences in secondary structure were identified to explain this. However, distinct claw regions, identified by 3D modelling and proposed to play a key role in microbial membrane attachment, and permeation, were more distinct in the NYH model. In vivo AvBD1 synthesis was detected in the bird gut epithelia. Analyses of the caecal gut microbiota of young day 4 birds suggested trends in Lactobacilli sp. colonisation at days 4 (9% LX vs × 30% LY) and 28 (20% LX vs 12% LY) respectively, but these were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion Amino acid changes altering the killing capacity of the AvBD1 peptide were associated with two different bird lines, but such changes did not impact significantly on caecal gut microbiota

HIV-1 viral load is elevated in individuals with reverse transcriptase mutation M184V/I during virological failure of first line antiretroviral therapy and is associated with compensatory mutation L74I

Background: M184V/I cause high-level lamivudine (3TC) and emtricitabine (FTC) resistance, and increased tenofovir (TDF) susceptibility. Nonetheless, 3TC and FTC (collectively referred to as XTC) appear to retain modest activity against HIV-1 with these mutations possibly as a result of reduced replication capacity. Here we determined how M184V/I impacts virus load (VL) in patients failing therapy on a TDF/XTC plus nonnucleoside RT inhibitor (NNRTI)-containing regimen. Methods: We compared VL in absence and presence M184V/I across studies using random effects meta-analysis. The effect of mutations on virus RT activity and infectiousness was analysed in vitro. Results: M184I/V was present in 817 (56.5%) of 1445 individuals with VF. VL was similar in individuals with or without M184I/V (difference in log10VL 0.18, 95% CI 0.05-0.31). CD4 count was lower both at initiation of ART and at VF in participants who went on to develop M184V/I. L74I was present in 10.2% of persons with M184V/I but absent in persons without M184V/I (p<0.0001). In vitro, L74I compensated for defective replication of M184V mutated virus. Conclusion: Virus loads were similar in persons with and without M184V/I during VF on a TDF/XTC/NNRTI-containing regimen. We therefore do not find evidence for a benefit of XTC in the context of first line failure on this combination

HIV-1 viral load is elevated in individuals with reverse transcriptase mutation M184V/I during virological failure of first line antiretroviral therapy and is associated with compensatory mutation L74I

Background: M184V/I cause high-level lamivudine (3TC) and emtricitabine (FTC) resistance, and increased tenofovir (TDF) susceptibility. Nonetheless, 3TC and FTC (collectively referred to as XTC) appear to retain modest activity against HIV-1 with these mutations possibly as a result of reduced replication capacity. Here we determined how M184V/I impacts virus load (VL) in patients failing therapy on a TDF/XTC plus nonnucleoside RT inhibitor (NNRTI)-containing regimen. / Methods: We compared VL in absence and presence M184V/I across studies using random effects meta-analysis. The effect of mutations on virus RT activity and infectiousness was analysed in vitro. / Results: M184I/V was present in 817 (56.5%) of 1445 individuals with VF. VL was similar in individuals with or without M184I/V (difference in log10VL 0.18, 95% CI 0.05-0.31). CD4 count was lower both at initiation of ART and at VF in participants who went on to develop M184V/I. L74I was present in 10.2% of persons with M184V/I but absent in persons without M184V/I (p<0.0001). In vitro, L74I compensated for defective replication of M184V mutated virus. / Conclusion: Virus loads were similar in persons with and without M184V/I during VF on a TDF/XTC/NNRTI-containing regimen. We therefore do not find evidence for a benefit of XTC in the context of first line failure on this combination

EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids (CEF); Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 20, Revision 3 (FGE.20Rev3): Benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal, benzoic acids, and related esters from chemical groups 23 and 30

&lt;p&gt;The Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids of the European Food Safety Authority was requested to evaluate five flavouring substances in the Flavouring Group Evaluation 304, using the Procedure in Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000. None of the substances were considered to have genotoxic potential. The substances were evaluated through a stepwise approach (the Procedure) that integrates information on structure-activity relationships, intake from current uses, toxicological threshold of concern, and available data on metabolism and toxicity. The Panel concluded that the three substances [FL-no: 16.117, 16.123 and 16.125] do not give rise to safety concerns at their levels of dietary intake, estimated on the basis of the MSDI approach. For the remaining two candidate substances [FL-no: 16.118 and 16.124], no appropriate NOAEL was available and additional data are required. Besides the safety assessment of these flavouring substances, the specifications for the materials of commerce have also been considered. Specifications including complete purity criteria and identity for the materials of commerce have been provided for all five candidate substances.&lt;/p&gt

PRIDE: a public repository of protein and peptide identifications for the proteomics community

PRIDE, the ‘PRoteomics IDEntifications database’ () is a database of protein and peptide identifications that have been described in the scientific literature. These identifications will typically be from specific species, tissues and sub-cellular locations, perhaps under specific disease conditions. Any post-translational modifications that have been identified on individual peptides can be described. These identifications may be annotated with supporting mass spectra. At the time of writing, PRIDE includes the full set of identifications as submitted by individual laboratories participating in the HUPO Plasma Proteome Project and a profile of the human platelet proteome submitted by the University of Ghent in Belgium. By late 2005 PRIDE is expected to contain the identifications and spectra generated by the HUPO Brain Proteome Project. Proteomics laboratories are encouraged to submit their identifications and spectra to PRIDE to support their manuscript submissions to proteomics journals. Data can be submitted in PRIDE XML format if identifications are included or mzData format if the submitter is depositing mass spectra without identifications. PRIDE is a web application, so submission, searching and data retrieval can all be performed using an internet browser. PRIDE can be searched by experiment accession number, protein accession number, literature reference and sample parameters including species, tissue, sub-cellular location and disease state. Data can be retrieved as machine-readable PRIDE or mzData XML (the latter for mass spectra without identifications), or as human-readable HTML