As duas naturezas de Lévi-Strauss

Aborda-se aqui a complexidade do status do par conceitual natureza e cultura no pensamento de Lévi-Strauss. Ao mesmo tempo ferramenta de análise, cena filosófica dos primórdios e antinomia a superar, revisita-se os diferentes usos e significados na obra de Lévi-Strauss do conceito de natureza e sua relação com o de cultura. Mostra-se como é possível reconhecer na obra de Lévi-Strauss dois conceitos de natureza: por um lado, uma natureza que se opõe à cultura num programa científico formulado em termos classicamente dualistas e, por outro, uma teoria do conhecimento decididamente monista que considera o espírito como parte e produto desse mesmo mundo. Argumenta-se que se o dualismo entre cultura e natureza fundou o pensamento estruturalista de Lévi-Strauss, é na própria obra deste que encontramos os argumentos e meios de superá-lo. A vocação do estruturalismo na antropologia de hoje, no entanto, é de ir mais longe neste caminho do que foi o próprio fundador

Chimpanzees, sorcery and contestation in a protected area in Guinea-Bissau

In Cantanhez National Park in Guinea-Bissau the construction of meaning made upon encounters with chimpanzees is associated with local social life. If a chimpanzee makes an unprovoked attack on a person, its actions are often understood as those of a sorcerer. Chimpanzees are involved in two parallel accusation discourses, one is played in intimate spheres of sociability where sorcerers harm their kin to benefit from secret alliances, and the other addresses a wider audience perceived to benefit from chimpanzees which are being protected at the expense of other humans. Both narratives represent local criticism against transgressions to calculations of redistribution and reciprocity

Framing the relationship between people and nature in the context of European conservation

A key controversy in conservation is the framing of the relationship between people and nature. The extent to which the realms of nature and human culture are viewed as separate (dualistic view) or integrated is often discussed in the social sciences. To explore how this relationship is represented in the practice of conservation in Europe, we considered examples of cultural landscapes, wildlife (red deer, reindeer, horses), and protected area management. We found little support, for a dualistic worldview, where people and nature are regarded as separate in the traditional practice of conservation in Europe. The borders between nature and culture, wild and domestic, public land and private land, and between protected areas and the wider landscape were blurred and dynamic. The institutionalized (in practice and legislation) view is of an interactive mutualistic system in which humans and nature share the whole landscape. However, more dualistic ideals, such as wilderness and rewilding that are challenging established practices are expanding. In the context of modern day Europe, wilderness conservation and rewilding are not valid for the whole landscape, although it is possible to integrate some areas of low-intervention management into a wider matrix. A precondition for success is to recognize and plan for a plurality of values concerning the most valid approaches to conservation and to plan for this plurality at the landscape scale

Scarcity, alterity and value: decline of the pangolin, the world’s most trafficked mammal

The pangolin, now recognised as the world’s most trafficked mammal, is currently undergoing population collapse across South and Southeast Asia, primarily because of the medicinal value attributed to its meat and scales. This paper explores how scarcity and alterity (otherness) drive the perceived value of these creatures for a range of human and more-than-human stakeholders: wildlife traffickers, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) practitioners, Asian consumers of their meat and scales, hunters and poachers, pangolin-rearing master-spirits, and conservation organisations. Based on archival research and long-term ethnographic study with indigenous hunters in the Eastern Himalayas, the paper analyses the commodity chains linking hunters and consumers of pangolin across South, Southeast and East Asia. It shows that whilst the nonlinear interaction of scarcity, alterity and value is driving the current overexploitation of pangolins, for some indigenous hunters in the Eastern Himalayas, these same dynamics interact to preserve these animals in the forests where they dwell

LANDSCAPE AS TRANSFIGURATION - Edward Westermarck Memorial Lecture, October 2015

Definitions of what is a landscape vary between a very loose meaning—an environment transformed by human action or subjectively apprehended—and a very narrow one: the pictorial or literary depiction of a piece of land embraced by sight. A third approach will be favoured, based on the study of the process of transfiguration thanks to which a landscape is constituted. Transfiguration deliberately changes the appearance of a site—through its representation or its arrangement—so that it becomes an iconic sign that stand for something else and renders manifest some of its implicit features. Traces of this process will be examined in native Amazonia, among cultures where there traditionally exists neither figuration of landscape nor pleasure gardens

Lifeworld Inc. : and what to do about it

Can we detect changes in the way that the world turns up as they turn up? This paper makes such an attempt. The first part of the paper argues that a wide-ranging change is occurring in the ontological preconditions of Euro-American cultures, based in reworking what and how an event is produced. Driven by the security – entertainment complex, the aim is to mass produce phenomenological encounter: Lifeworld Inc as I call it. Swimming in a sea of data, such an aim requires the construction of just enough authenticity over and over again. In the second part of the paper, I go on to argue that this new world requires a different kind of social science, one that is experimental in its orientation—just as Lifeworld Inc is—but with a mission to provoke awareness in untoward ways in order to produce new means of association. Only thus, or so I argue, can social science add to the world we are now beginning to live in

A idealização da alteridade: reflexões sobre seus fundamentos na história ocidental

Así como fueron considerados “salvajes” o “atrasados”, los nativos de las tierras colonizadas por los europeos también han sido objeto de elogios que han llegado hasta la idealización, y que han surgido especialmente entre las élites intelectuales de origen europeo. Este último tipo de discursos e imaginarios, relativamente poco comunes y escasamente estudiados, parece contraponerse al racismo e invitaría a una valoración de la diversidad cultural. Sin embargo, este artículo tiene como objetivo plantear un análisis crítico de dicho elogio de la alteridad, el cual, contrariamente a lo que se suele creer, no es un avance intelectual reciente, sino un discurso basado en antiguos mitos premodernos. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se hizo un análisis hermenéutico de los discursos de autores y colectivos reconocidos en Occidente, quienes han recurrido a términos connotados positivamente para describir las culturas de pueblos no europeos. En esos discursos se observaron algunos patrones generales, lo cual permitió relacionarlos con estructuras míticas de larga duración, tales como el mito cristiano del Jardín del Edén y el mito grecolatino de una Edad de Oro. Como una prolongación de esto, hoy se puede considerar al Otro “natural” y “tradicional” como el ejemplo de un ser humano admirable. No obstante, en este artículo se concluye que ese tipo de representaciones, aunque hoy estimadas como políticamente correctas, se basan en versiones esencializadas de la alteridad, las cuales en realidad reproducen ideales hegemónicos y contribuyen a ocultar la complejidad de la diversidad cultural.Just as the natives of lands colonized by Europeans were considered "wild" or "slow," they have also been the object of praise that has gone as far as idealization, and that have emerged especially among the intellectual elites of European origin. This last type of discourses and imaginaries, relatively rare and scarcely studied, seems to be opposed to racism and would invite an appreciation of cultural diversity. However, this article aims to propose a critical analysis of this praise of alterity, which, contrary to what is usually believed, is not a recent intellectual advance, but a discourse based on ancient pre-modern myths. To achieve this goal, a hermeneutic analysis of the discourses of authors and collectives recognized in the West, who have resorted to positively connoted terms to describe the cultures of non-European peoples was made. In these discourses, some general patterns were observed, which allowed them to be related to mythical structures of long duration, such as the Christian myth of the Garden of Eden and the Greek-Latin myth of a Golden Age. As an extension of this, today we can consider the Other "natural" and "traditional" as the example of an admirable human being. However, in this article it is concluded that such representations, although nowadays considered as politically correct, are based on specialized versions of alterity, which in reality reproduce hegemonic ideals and contribute to hide the complexity of the cultural diversity.Assim como foram considerados “selvagens” ou “atrasados” os nativos das terras colonizadas pelos europeus, também foram objeto de elogios que chegaram até a idealização e que surgiram especialmente entre as elites intelectuais de origem europeia. Este último tipo de discursos e imaginários, relativamente pouco comuns e escassamente estudados, parece contrapor-se ao racismo e convida a uma valorização da diversidade cultural. Contudo, este artigo tem como objetivo propor uma análise crítica do elogio da alteridade, o qual, ao contrário do que se costuma acreditar, não é um avanço intelectual recente, mas sim um discurso baseado em antigos mitos pré-modernos. Para atingir esse objetivo, fez-se uma análise hermenêutica dos discursos de autores e coletivos reconhecidos no Ocidente, os que têm recorrido a termos conotados positivamente para descrever as culturas de povos não europeus. Nesses discursos, foram observados alguns padrões gerais, o que permitiu relacioná-los com estruturas míticas de longa duração, tais como o mito cristão do Jardim do Éden e o mito greco-latino de uma Idade do Ouro. Como uma prolongação disso, hoje pode-se considerar o Outro “natural” e “tradicional” como o exemplo de um ser humano admirável. No entanto, neste artigo, conclui-se que esse tipo de representações, embora hoje estimadas como politicamente corretas, estão baseadas em versões essencializadas da alteridade, as quais, em realidade, produzem ideais hegemônicos e contribuem para ocultar a complexidade da diversidade cultural.https://revistas.udem.edu.co/index.php/anagramas/article/view/191