Give the Boys a Trade : Gender and Job Choice in the 1890s

[Excerpt] It seems redundant (but is unfortunately not unnecessary) to say that this response emphasizes the gendered nature of the famed manliness of turn-of-the-century skilled workers. Davis Montgomery has described how the workers\u27 code celebrated individual self-assertion, but for the collective good, rather than for self-advancement. The process by which these skilled workers chose their jobs suggests an intermediate step: between the collective good of the union and the self-advancement\u27 of the individual stood the smaller collective unit of the male-headed household. The sense of what it meant to be a man thus not only holds the potential of explicating workers\u27 relationships with their employers and supervisors but also redounds back to their original choices of occupations, and in so doing prefigures family roles and relationships. These examples only begin to touch on the ways in which exploring male workers\u27 job decisions may open up new areas for research. Just as it has done for women\u27s labor history, raising these issues holds the potential of uncovering new insights into the connections between men\u27s workplace concerns and their family and community experiences. A labor history that fully takes gender into account in this way will be that much richer and, perhaps, that much more true to the realities of working-class life in the past

The Raman Spectrum of Boron Trifluoride Gas

The Raman spectrum of BF3 was photographed using a purified preparation obtained from the thermal decomposition of C6H5N2BF4. Of the lines observed, that with the frequency 888 cm^—1 is certainly, and the band at 439–513 cm^—1 is probably due to BF3. The Raman frequencies and the infra-red results of Bailey et al. are assigned to the fundamental modes of vibrations

Life, power and social inclusion in the new economy.

The article refers to a revised edition and review of the book entitled 'People at work : life, power and social inclusion in the new economy' by Marjorie L. DeVault. People at Work is a masterly compilation of essays that speak to the descriptive and analytic power of ‘institutional ethnography’: a technique that analyses work, broadly defined, by means of an appreciation of its institutional framework, and how (at times pesky) workers and ruling regimes negotiate the messy (and at times contradictory) sociotechnical relations of production.peer-reviewe

La paternité dans un contexte de consommation maternelle abusive d’alcool et de drogues

Malgré un nombre important d’études relatives à la thématique Parentalité alcool et drogue, le rôle du partenaire/père des mères consommatrices a été négligé. Le matériel présenté dans cet article est tiré d’une étude qualitative québécoise menée auprès de 20 pères et de 20 parturientes consommatrices abusives de SPA rencontrés à deux moments. Le but est de présenter le profil sociodémographique des parents, la consommation des mères dans les mois précédant la naissance de l’enfant, la consommation passée et actuelle des pères ainsi que certains éléments-clés de l’expérience parentale et conjugale des pères en contexte de consommation maternelle et de la trajectoire de consommation parentale.Despite a significant number of studies dealing with the theme of Parenthood, alcohol and drugs, the role of the paternal partner of consumer mothers has been neglected. The material presented in this article is taken from a Quebec qualitative study involving twenty fathers and twenty parturients with psychoactive substance abuse problems, and covers meetings with them at two different times. Our objective is to provide a sociodemographic profile of the parents, of maternal consumption in the pre-natal months, of previous and current paternal consumption levels, together with a number of key elements associated with the parental and conjugal experience of the fathers, both in the context of maternal consumption and of the parental consumer pattern

Multi-residues analysis of pre-emergence herbicides in fluvial sediments : application to the mid-Garonne River

Contamination of man and ecosystems by pesticides has become a major environmental concern. Whereas many studies exist on contamination from agriculture, the effects of urban sources are usually omitted. Fluvial sediment is a complex matrix of pollutants but little is known of its recent herbicide content. This study proposes a method for a fast and reliable analysis of herbicides by employing the accelerated solvent extractor (ASE). The aim of the study is to show the impact of a major town (Toulouse) on the herbicide content in the river. In this study, three herbicide families (i.e. s-triazine, substituted ureas and anilides) were analysed in fluvial sediment fractions at 11 sampling sites along the mid-Garonne River and its tributaries. River water contamination by herbicides is minor, except for at three sites located in urban areas. Among the herbicidal families studied, urban and suburban areas are distinguished from rural areas and were found to be the most contaminated sites during the study period, a winter low-water event. The herbicide content of the coarse sediment fractions is about one third of that found in the fine fractions and usually ignored. The distribution of pesticide concentrations across the whole range of particle sizes was investigated to clarify the role of plant remains on the significant accumulation in the coarse fractions

Epsilon-Near-Zero Al-Doped ZnO for Ultrafast Switching at Telecom Wavelengths: Outpacing the Traditional Amplitude-Bandwidth Trade-Off

Transparent conducting oxides have recently gained great attention as CMOS-compatible materials for applications in nanophotonics due to their low optical loss, metal-like behavior, versatile/tailorable optical properties, and established fabrication procedures. In particular, aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO) is very attractive because its dielectric permittivity can be engineered over a broad range in the near infrared and infrared. However, despite all these beneficial features, the slow (> 100 ps) electron-hole recombination time typical of these compounds still represents a fundamental limitation impeding ultrafast optical modulation. Here we report the first epsilon-near-zero AZO thin films which simultaneously exhibit ultra-fast carrier dynamics (excitation and recombination time below 1 ps) and an outstanding reflectance modulation up to 40% for very low pump fluence levels (< 4 mJ/cm2) at the telecom wavelength of 1.3 {\mu}m. The unique properties of the demonstrated AZO thin films are the result of a low temperature fabrication procedure promoting oxygen vacancies and an ultra-high carrier concentration. As a proof-of-concept, an all-optical AZO-based plasmonic modulator achieving 3 dB modulation in 7.5 {\mu}m and operating at THz frequencies is numerically demonstrated. Our results overcome the traditional "modulation depth vs. speed" trade-off by at least an order of magnitude, placing AZO among the most promising compounds for tunable/switchable nanophotonics.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures, 1 tabl