Study on the preparation and evaluation of Insecticidal/pesticidal activity of Entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana) metabolites fused Silver Nanoparticles

The green revolution strategy, which promotes the use of synthetic agricultural chemicals like pesticides and fertilizers, the adoption of high-yielding, nutrient-responsive crop varieties, increased irrigation potential exploitation, etc., has, for the most part, increased production output. However, it will also cause a decline in the productivity and production of various crops as well as harm to the environments and soil health. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPRs) have special functions in the soil that improve the health and productivity of plants. PGPR produce phytohormones, fix atmospheric nitrogen, colonize the rhizosphere, aid in the production of secondary metabolites, shield plants from pathogens, produce siderophores, and aid in the uptake of nutrients by solubilizing phosphate. They also produce biologically active substances that have an impact on the development and growth of plants. In the present investigation, the fungicidal activities of Streptomyces sp., the significant PGPRs were screened for antifungal activities while an Entomopathogenic fungi (Baeuveria bassiana) was utilized for production of crude metabolites which were utilized to prepare Silver fused nanoparticles, the nanoparticles were found to have significant insecticidal/pesticidal properties against larvae invading Cauliflower crops

Development of Losartan Potassium Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SMEDDS) for Optimization of Bioavailability

The purpose of the present research work was to formulate, evaluate, and optimize self-emulsifying formulation to enhance drug release. The solubility of formulation was determined in different natural oils, surfactant, and co-surfactants. Self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) was prepared by using castor oil, Tween 80, and Carbitol as co-surfactant. S-SEDDS evaluated for globule size and emulsification time. A 32 full factorial design was utilized for the optimization purpose. Formulation variables such as quantity of oil (X1) and ratio of surfactant to co-surfactant (X2) were investigated for their effect on globule size and emulsification time. Optimized formulation with minimum globule size was freeze-dried and finally, optimized formulation evaluated for the in vitro drug release study. To recognize the capable self-emulsifying zone, pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were prepared. For knowing the interaction behavior of desired responses, the Box-Behnken framework was used and configured using the appropriate method. At the last, the selected optimized formulation was tested for droplet size analysis, phase separation study, self emulsification time, transmittance, turbidity analysis, and zeta potential. Based on results it is concluded that SMEDDS can be a better choice to optimize the oral delivery of losartan potassium.&nbsp

EFFECT OF BLUMEA LACERA ON TISSUE GSH, LIPID PEROXIDATION AND HEPATIC CELLS IN ETHANOL INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN RATS

Objective: To evaluate hepatoprotective effects of ethanol extract of aerial part of Blumea lacera (BLEE) against ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Methods: The in vivo antioxidant activity of BLEE was assessed by determining the tissue glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels. The BLEE at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg and silymarin 100 mg/kg administered to the ethanol challenged rats. The effects of BLEE and silymarin on Physical and Biochemical Parameters were measured. Similarly, histopathological changes of the liver were studied. Results: The BLEE showed in vivo antioxidant activity. A significant (P<0.001) decrease in SGOT, SGPT, ALP, total and direct bilirubin was observed in BLEE treated group at doses i.e. 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg as compared to intoxicated group. Liver damage in animal pretreated with BLEE was minimal with distinct preservation of structures and the architectural frame of the hepatic cells. Conclusion: These findings demonstrated the hepatoprotective effects of BLEE against ethanol-induced liver damage

Study of prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure in hadoti region

Background: Secondary hyperparathyroidism is known and early complication of chronic renal failure patients. Aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism and correlation between serum parathyroid hormone level with biochemical parameters in renal failure patients in tertiary care hospital in Kota, Rajasthan.Methods: A cross sectional observational study was carried out in 50 patients who had creatinine clearance of 30ml/min/1.73m2 or less for greater than 6 weeks attended the OPD of department of General Medicine, New Medical College hospital, Kota, Rajasthan from May 2018 to November 2018. Investigations like complete blood count, renal function test, urine routine microscopy and USG abdomen with serum parathyroid hormone, serum phosphorus, serum calcium levels were done. Serum parathyroid hormone level was done by calorimetric method.Results: The prevalence of secondary hyperparathyroidism in our study was 72%.In hyperparathyroidism patient’s serum calcium level was low and the difference was highly significant (p<0.001). There is negative correlation between S.PTH and S. calcium level (r=-0.536). Mean serum calcium level in our study is 1.6mmol/l. In hyperparathyroidism patient’s serum phosphate level was high and the difference was highly significant (p<0.001). There was positive correlation between S.PTH and S.PO4 level (r=0.402). Mean serum phosphorus level in our study is 5.7 mg/dl. Prevalence of hyperparathyroidism was high among CRF patients with normal BP than hypertensive patients and with normal sugar than diabetics but the difference in proportion was not significant (p=0.87, p=0.98 respectively). 90% patients were on haemodialysis while 10% patients were on conservative management.Conclusions: Early detection of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure patients can reduce its complications like bone fracture and cardiovascular complications

Molecular characterization of chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase gene of soybean plant growth promoting bacterium Bacillus sp. SJ-5

Plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) colonize the rhizosphere of many plant species and confer beneficial effects, such as increased plant growth and reduced susceptibility to diseases caused by plant pathogenic fungi. The aim of the present study was to molecularly characterize the presence of biocontrol gene chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase of the Bacillus sp. SJ-5 to understand its role in fungal pathogen inhibition. Genomic DNA was isolated from Bacillus sp. SJ-5 and chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase gene were amplified using specific primers. On the agarose gel 402 pb and750 bp bands were detected for chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase respectively. Upon homology analysis it confirms the presence of chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase gene in SJ-5 and sequences submitted to Genbank. The study indicates the potential of this PGPB to inhibit fungal pathogen through cell wall degrading enzymes production

IN VIVO ANTIOXIDANT AND HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF HUGONIA MYSTAX IN PARACETAMOL INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN RATS.

Objectives: The objective of the present work is to study the in vivo anti-oxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Hugonia mystax in paracetamol (PCM)induced hepatotoxicity in rats.Methods: The in vivo anti-oxidant activity of 70% ethanol extract of leaves of H. mystax (HMEE) was assessed by determining the tissue glutathioneand lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels. HMEE 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o. doses and silymarin p.o.100 mg/kg were administered to the PCM challengedrats. The effect of HMEE and silymarin on physical (liver weight and liver volume) and biochemical parameters (serum enzymes [serum glutamicoxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT)], alkaline phosphate [ALP], and bilirubin) were measured.Furthermore, histopathological changes in the liver were studied.Results: The HMEE showed in the vivo anti-oxidant activity. Pre-treatment with HMEE for 7 days significantly reduced the elevated biochemicalparameters (SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and bilirubin levels). The hepatic damage in animal pretreated with HMEE was minimal with distinct preservation ofstructures and architectural frame of the hepatic cells.Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the protective nature of HMEE against PCMKeywords: Hugonia mystax, Hepatoprotective, In vivo anti-oxidant, Paracetamol

Impacts of Wheat Enzymatic Defense Mechanisms Response to Cereal Cyst Nematode (Heterodera avenae) Infection

Biochemical trial was conducted to find out the variation in enzymic activities (PO, PPO, and PAL) infested with Heteroderaavenaeon wheat under cage house conditions. Results exhibited highest enzymatic activities (PO, PPO, and PAL) with application of chemical treatment (fluopyram 34.48% SC at 5 ml/kg seed). The chemical treatment significantly reduced nematode reproduction, as indicated by number of females per 5g root (9.10), cysts per 200 cc soil (12.45) and final larvae population per 200 cc soil (212.70)

Diversity analysis of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas[L.] Lam) genotypes using morphological, biochemical and molecular markers

276-285Sweet potato [Ipomeabatatas(L.) Lam.]is a nutritious food crop primarily grown by small and marginal farmers. Successful breeding and germplasm conservation programs demands characterization of its germplasm. Here, we tried to determine genetic diversity among 21 sweet potato genotypes using morphological, biochemical and molecular markers. Ten morphological traits were studied and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Mean square due to germplasm were highly significant as well as wide mean range performance was observed for tuber number per plant, individual tuber weight, tuber fresh yield per plant, tuber dry yield per plant, tuber yield per plot and tuber length. UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method Arithmetic Average) cluster analysis based on morphological traits separated the germplasm into three groups. The genotypes Gautam, Shree Arun, RS-92 and CO-3-4 appeared promising with regard to yield characters. Total phenol was maximum in in V-12 genotype (1.39 mg), while minimum was recorded in Samrat genotype (0.95 mg). The highest total antioxidant was observed in the genotype Samrat (0.30 mg), while minimum was recorded in the genotype Navsari Local (0.16 mg). Molecular diversity analysis was carried out using 25 RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primers, out of which 13 primers produced 117 reproducible amplicons (106 polymorphic, 7 monomorphic and 4 unique amplicons). UPGMA dendogram based on RAPD data separated the genotypes into two major clusters having the similarity coefficient ranged from 0.56 to 0.76. The results can be used for sweet potato crop improvement through molecular breeding and marker assisted selection of for desired traits in future

Metallopharmaceuticals Compound -Past Lessons And Future Directions - A Review

This article is an overview that discusses the history, chemistry, synthesis, prospects, and applications of Schiff bases and related metal compounds. This provides an update on recent facts regarding Schiff's performance, which consisted of a variety of challenging elements. The field of therapeutic inorganic chemistry lies at the crossroads of medicine and inorganic chemistry. It consists of metal-based drugs, professionals who can sequester and mobilise metal, and demonstrative aids that contain metal. Drugs that are formed of organometallic compounds have been used for the treatment of a wide variety of ailments for many years. At the level of individual atoms, the following metal elements play significant roles in the architecture of living organisms: When antimicrobial drugs interact with particular metal particles, the drugs might become more effective against microbes. It is possible to enhance the activity of bioactive molecules by utilising coordination compounds that contain metal. In this article, several different applications of metals in biological systems will be discussed in depth. &nbsp

Bioremediation of tannery wastewater using Tetradesmus deserticola: A sustainable approach

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Tetradesmus deserticola for the bioremediation of tannery wastewater (TWW), which contains both organic and inorganic pollutants that are harmful to the environment and human health if discharged untreated. The methodology involved culturing T. deserticola in different concentrations of TWW and assessing its ability to remove pollutants over 15 days. The physicochemical analysis of the treated TWW revealed significant reductions in key parameters, such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (93.6%), total nitrogen (93.3%), phosphate (79.8%), magnesium (95.9%), and heavy metals including chromium (92.9%), zinc (82.4%), and iron (63.6%). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis confirmed the effective remediation of carcinogenic aromatic compounds, including benzene derivatives, and the transformation of complex steroids into less toxic metabolites. However, long-chain alkanes largely remained unaffected by the microalgal treatment. These findings suggest that T. deserticola can effectively remediate TWW, offering a promising and sustainable solution for wastewater treatment. Further optimization of treatment conditions may enhance the degradation of persistent compounds