Effect of ascending doses of pentoxifylline administration on biochemical and hematological parameters in goats

Pentoksifilin (PTX) beşerî ve veteriner hekimlikte mikrosirkülasyonun teşvik edilmesi amacıyla kullanılan non-selektif fosfodiesteraz inhibitörü bir ilaçtır. PTX keçilerde deneysel çalışmalarda kullanılmasına rağmen güvenilirliği hakkında herhangi bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Bu araştırmanın amacı Kıl keçilerine PTX’in 10, 20 ve 40 mg/kg dozlarda damar içi (IV) uygulamasını takiben hematolojik ve biyokimyasal parametreler üzerine etkisini belirlemektir. Araştırmada klinik olarak sağlıklı 9 adet keçi kullanıldı. PTX keçilere 10, 20 ve 40 mg/kg dozlarda IV yolla uygulandı. Kan örnekleri ilaç uygulaması öncesi (kontrol 0.saat) ve uygulamayı takiben 12.saatte alınarak hematolojik ve biyokimyasal parametreler değerlendirildi. PTX’in farklı dozlarda uygulaması sonrası keçilerde lokal ya da sistemik herhangi bir yan etki görülmedi. PTX’in 20 ve 40 mg/kg dozlarda uygulaması sonrası akyuvar (WBC) seviyesi artarken 10 mg/kg dozda hemoglobin (HGB) düzeyi azaldı (p<0.05). 10 mg/kg doz grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında, 20 ve 40 mg/kg doz gruplarında WBC, alyuvar (40 mg/kg hariç), HGB ve hematokrit değerlerinin arttığı belirlendi (p<0.05). PTX’in farklı dozlarda uygulaması, biyokimyasal parametrelerde genel olarak azalmaya neden olurken (p<0.05), troponin I düzeyinde herhangi bir değişiklik görülmedi. Sonuç olarak, keçilerde PTX’in 10, 20 ve 40 mg/kg dozlarda uygulamasının hematolojik ve biyokimyasal parametrelerde önemli değişikliklere neden olduğu ve tek doz uygulamalarda geçici şekillenen bu değişimlerin tekrarlı uygulamalarda risk oluşturabileceğinden dikkatli olunması gerektiği kanısına varıldı.Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor drug used in human and veterinary medicine to promote microcirculation. Although PTX has been used in experimental studies in goats, there is no information about its safety. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of PTX on hematological and biochemical parameters following intravenous (IV) administration of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg doses to Hair goats. In the study were used clinically healthy 9 goats. PTX was administered IV to goats at doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg. Blood samples were taken before drug administration (control, 0 hour) and 12 hours after administration, and hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated. No local or systemic adverse effects were observed in goats after the application of PTX at different doses. After administration of PTX at 20 and 40 mg/kg doses, white blood cell (WBC) level increased, while hemoglobin (HGB) level decreased at 10 mg/kg dose (p<0.05). When compared with the 10 mg/kg dose group, WBC, red blood cell (except 40 mg/kg), HGB and hematocrit values were found to be increased in the 20 and 40 mg/kg dose groups (p<0.05). While the administration of PTX at different doses caused a general decrease in biochemical parameters (p<0.05), no change was observed in troponin I level. In conclusion, it can be stated that the administration of PTX in goats at doses of 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg caused significant changes in hematological and biochemical parameters and caution should be exercised as these temporary changes in single-dose administrations may pose a risk in repeated administrations

The effect of interferon alpha administration on cytokine levels in sheep

Aim: The primary aim of this study was to determine the effect of parenteral recombinant human interferon (rHuIFN)-?2a administration on serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-?, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 levels in healthy sheep. In addition, the main physiological parameters (rectal temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate), hemogram and blood gas parameters were determined, as well. Materials and Methods: In this study, 9.000.000 IU rHuIFN-?2a was administered subcutaneously in 10 Merinos sheep. Blood samples were taken before (0 hours) and after at 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours. Rectal temperature, pulse and respiratory rate were also determined at the same sampling times. Sheep-specific TNF-?, IL-6 and IL-10 levels were determined from serum samples by the ELISA reader. Hemogram and blood gas parameters were measured by complete blood cell counter and blood gas analyzer, respectively. Results: After rHuIFN-?2a treatment, TNF-? and IL-10 concentrations reached peak levels (p<0.05) at the 96 hours, whereas the IL-6 level did not change in a statistically significant (p>0.05). On the other hand, a temporary increase in rectal temperature and pO2 levels (p<0.05) were determined, while decreased potassium and ionized calcium levels (p<0.05) were measured. Statistically significantly (p<0.05) fluctuations were determined in pulse rate, white blood cell counts, pH, base(ecf) and sodium values. Conclusion: It may be stated that administration of rHuIFN-?2a showed immunological effects in sheep, as it is generally accepted as safe and can be considered for use in treatment

Investigation of cardiotoxic effects of marbofloxacin

Aim: The primary objective of the present research is to determine the cardiotoxic effect of marbofloxacin by measuring of serum troponin I, creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels which are cardiotoxic damage markers. In addition, it is to determine the effects of marbofloxacin on the liver function [alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), total protein], renal function [blood urea nitrogen (BUN, creatinine] and hemogram [white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), platelet, hemoglobin, hematocrit] parameters. Materials and Methods: In the study, 10 Merino yearling received marbofloxacin (10 mg/kg/day, subcutan) for 14 days. Blood samples were taken on day 0 (control), 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 days. Sheep specific serum CK-MB and troponin I levels were measured with ELISA reader, while serum LDH, AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, total protein, creatinine and BUN values were determined with autoanalyser. Hemogram parameters were determined with hemocell counters, as well. Results: Marbofloxacin increased cardiac damage markers which were troponin I, not statistically significant (P>0,05), LDH and AST levels, statistically significant (P<0,05). While marbofloxacin did not cause (P<0,05) any adverse effect on liver function parameters, it caused (P<0,05) increase BUN levels and fluctuations in creatinine levels which were renal function values. In hemogram parameters, it caused (P Conclusion: It can be stated that the when sheep should be treated with high doses of long-term marbofloxacin, cardiotoxicity should be taken with caution. However, cardiotoxic effects of marbofloxacin should be confirmed histopathologically

Determination of the effect of danofloxacin on 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine level

Aim: The primary aim of this study is to determine the effect of danofloxacin administrations on 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8- OHDG) level, oxidative stress biomarker, in sheep. In addition, to determine on heart [Troponin I, creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) isoenzyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)], liver [Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT)] and kidney [Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine] damage biomarkers and hemogram parameters [White blood cell count (WBC), red blood cell count (RBC), platelet count, hemoglobin, hematocrit]. Materials and Methods: In this study, 6 mg/kg/day (Subcutaneous) dose of danofloxacin was applied to 10 sheep for 14 days. Blood samples were taken on day 0 (control), 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 days. Serum 8-OHDG, troponin I and CK-MB isoenzyme levels were measured with ELISA reader, while serum LDH, AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine and BUN values were determined with autoanalyzer. Hemogram parameters were determined with hemocell counter. Results: In this study, 8-OHDG levels did not change (P>0,05) statistically, while temporal elevations in troponin I, CK-MB isoenzyme and AST levels were determined (P<0,05). Statistical fluctuations (P<0,05) were determined in BUN levels, while decreases in WBC, RBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit values (P<0,05) and temporary increase in platelet level were determined (P Conclusion: It can be stated that danofloxacin administration to sheep for 14 days does not cause systemic oxidative stress and does not cause seriously effects to the function of heart, liver, kidney and bone marrow

Determination of the effect of danofloxacin on 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine level

Öz Amaç: Bu araştırmanın birinci amacı koyunlara danofloksasin uygulamasının oksidatif stres biyobelirteci 8-hidroksi-2-deoksiguanozin (8-OHDG) üzerine etkisini belirlemektir. Ayrıca kalp [Troponin I, kreatin kinaz-MB (CK-MB) izoenzim, laktat dehidrogenaz (LDH), aspartat aminotransferaz (AST)], karaciğer [Alkalen fosfataz (ALP), alanin aminotransferaz (ALT)] ve böbrek [Kan üre nitrojen (BUN), kreatinin] hasar biyobelirteçleri ile hemogram [Akyuvar sayısı (WBC), alyuvar sayısı(RBC), platelet sayısı, hemoglobin, hematokrit] parametrelerine etkisini belirlemektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırmada 10 adet koyuna 6 mg/kg/gün (deri altı) dozunda danofloksasin 14 gün süresince uygulandı. 0. (Kontrol), 1., 3., 5., 7., 9., 11., 13. ve 15. günler kan örnekleri alındı. Serum 8-OHDG, troponin I ve CK-MB izoenzim düzeyi ELISA okuyucusunda, serum LDH, AST, ALT, ALP, kreatinin ve BUN değerleri otoanalizörde belirlendi. Hemogram parametreleri ise kan hücresi sayım cihazında ölçüldü. Bulgular: Araştırmada 8-OHDG düzeyinde istatistiki değişimler belirlenmezken (P>0,05), troponin I, CK-MB izoenzim ve AST değerinde geçici yükselmeler belirlendi (P0,05) statistically, while temporal elevations in troponin I, CK-MB isoenzyme and AST levels were determined (P<0,05). Statistical fluctuations (P<0,05) were determined in BUN levels, while decreases in WBC, RBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit values (P<0,05) and temporary increase in platelet level were determined (P<0,05). Conclusion: It can be stated that danofloxacin administration to sheep for 14 days does not cause systemic oxidative stress and does not cause seriously effects to the function of heart, liver, kidney and bone marrow

Effects of Boron on Learning and Behavioral Disorders in Rat Autism Model Induced by Intracerebroventricular Propionic Acid

Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which learning, communication, and social interaction are impaired. Research has sought to minimize the neural impairments associated with autism spectrum disorder and improve the quality of life. Recent studies suggest that boron may benefit nerve cells, with effects varying depending on the dosage. This study explored the impact of boron, administered as boric acid, on behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological parameters in a rat model of autism induced by propionic acid (PPA). Thirty-two male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into control, autism model, and boron-treated groups. Behavioral tests were conducted pre- and post-PPA induction, with brain tissue analyzed post-euthanasia. Proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6)) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were assessed in the hippocampus. Histopathological evaluations were conducted on the hippocampus and cerebellum. Autism model rats displayed impaired learning, elevated BDNF and cytokine levels, microglial and astrocytic activation, and decreased Purkinje cell count. The boron-treated groups showed improvements, particularly with the 4 mg/kg dose. This dose enhanced learning and social interaction, reduced proinflammatory cytokine levels, prevented microglial and astrocytic activation, and increased Purkinje cell count. Boron treatment exhibited neuroprotective potential, ameliorating autism spectrum disorder deficits by modulating cytokines, BDNF, microglia, and astrocytes, with low doses yielding pronounced effects