Jalaukavacharana in Bartholin’s Cyst

A 33 year old women recently presented with a painful oval to round, well defined cystic lesion over right labia majora. On clinical examination diagnosis of Bartholin’s Cyst was made, which can be correlated with Karnini Yonivyapad in Ayurveda. She had a history of recurrence of Bartholin’s Cyst total 15 times in past 10 years out of which 12 times on her right side and 3 times on her left side and for which she underwent surgical procedure 3 times. In our texts Arogyavardhini Vati is well known for its effect on blood purification, liver, inflammation, digestive problems anemia etc. Kanchnar Guggulu plays a significant role in swelling, cyst and thyroid disorders and Jalauka (leach) counteracts the dominance of Pitta Dosha which is responsible for pain and inflammation and has many enzymes responsible for vasodilation, anticoagulant, anti-microbial property. Patient was treated accordingly with Arogyavardhini Vati, Kanchnar Guggulu orally, Jalaukavacharana (leech therapy) single leech weekly at the site of Bartholin’s cyst under proper observation and care and local wash with Triphala , Neem (Azadirac indica) and Haridra (Curcuma longa) Churna Kwath (decoction) followed by application of Jatyadi oil. After 2-3 sittings of leech therapy (weekly) effect of this Ayurvedic treatment was found to be very impactful

Drop of RERR Leads Routing Loop in AODV

Ad-hoc networks are infrastructure less multihop wireless network. In ad-hoc network routes are provided by wireless nodes. Wireless nodes are free to move randomly on any direction with random speed. Ad-hoc networks with mobility are considered as MANETs. In ad-hoc network each node can act as a hop and router itself or both at the same time. Which make routing difficult, to deal with this problem routing protocol required. Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is one of the simplest, efficient, and effective reactive routing protocol developed for MANETs. To maintain routes in wireless ad-hoc networks. AODV use some control messages to manage communication in between nodes. Route Request Message (RREQ) disseminated along with source sequence number through a node to discover a route, Route Reply Message (RREP) uni-casted along with destination sequence number back to source node, HELLO message used to detect and monitor link and Route Error Message (RERR) disseminated to inform all nodes when link failure occur in the network. To keep route information readily available and low routing overhead, AODV maintain route caching but some times cache not removed due to drop, collision and failure of control messages and route cache become stale. This stale cache leads routing loop in ad-hoc network. After detailed study of RFC 3561 & most of the research work done in past. It is commonly known in AODV routing protocol that sequence number are sufficient to protect networks from count to infinity problem. But in this research work implementation to be done to provide a valid proof of routing loop on the simulator. The purpose of this research is to identify flaw so in future we can get more reliable routing protocol. &nbsp

Design of Efficient Power Filter with Reduced Distortion Using Control Algorithm

The electrical distribution system is facing undesirable power quality disturbances due to different types of linear/nonlinear loads on the supply system. The objective of the project is to reduce the distortion level in voltage or current input to the load and at the output of the filter. To design a simple but highly viable hybrid active power buffer that is capable of feeding less distorted voltage to the nonlinear load model. To present an optimal controlling of these buffers so as to minimize the voltage distortion by designing a different algorithm for the same. Comparing the THD levels of the output voltage waveform with the standard controlling method with the proposed control design to further enhance the proposed design such that it is practically feasible to be implemented in grid system having renewable energy resources. In this work, a power filter has been designed using different algorithms with an objective to reduce the Total Harmonic Distortion in the voltage output waveforms. The total harmonic distortion in the voltage output waveform being fed to the load using only the PQ_RLS algorithm is found to be 2.18 %. In the case of the output voltage from the power buffer using PQ_RLS algorithm, the THD level is 0.17 %. The distortion level in the output voltage waveforms in both the cases being fed to the load when compared, it is found that RLS algorithm in combination with PQ algorithm is more effective in reducing the distortion as compared to standard RLS method or PQ method

The Effect on the Telecom Industry and Consumers after the Introduction of Reliance Jio

In the world of intense competition amongst all the industries, the telecom industry also does not fail to stay behind. With the belief that the customer is the king, each and every company in India is willing to go to depths and cross lines every day so that they can be that one brand that customers look for. While choosing a Network, one looks for various factors such as Network coverage, the call rates, the internet plan offered and not to forget but the value-added services as well. Satisfying the consumers in each of this aspect is not an easy task. Based on the literature review and after considering the questions we want to answer; the research problem of the research paper is “The Effect on The Consumers and Telecom Industry after the Introduction of Reliance Jio.” The problem mainly focuses on how the telecom industry was before and after Jio, what people believe and perceive about Reliance Jio and what challenges the competitors faced with the introduction of Jio. Based on the research problem, these are some of the objectives of our study, To study the impact of Reliance Jio on the telecom industry, the change in composition of industry, change in market share and the reforms that were undertaken To identify the effect of Jio on common people and consumer behavior To identify the business strategy followed by Jio and its Competitors The methodology used in the research paper was s Single Cross-Sectional Descriptive Design. With the objective and design, the tool used for analysis were Mean, Standard Deviation to compare and analyze the data, also test like the Z-test and Chi-Square Test were done to test the hypothesis. Finally, the findings of the research paper concluded that Jio disrupted the market to such a level forcing competitors to exit or merge, amongst the consumers, the respondents were eager to test the new competitor in the market and thus the research witnessed a significant shift in the network from other networks to Jio. Through our research we recommend that Consumers should try to shift to Jio, with their very low monthly plans and Huge value-added services offered, which the competitors are still not able to achieve, adds to the success of Jio in India

Evaluation of intrauterine pathologies by hysteroscopy in abnormal uterine bleeding

Background: Hysteroscopy is the gold standard for uterine cavity evaluation because it allows direct visualization of the uterine cavity, mitigate characteristics of lesions such as nature, size, shape, location and vascular pattern. Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted in department of obstetrics and gynecology at Chirayu Medical College and Hospital, Bhopal (MP). Patients presenting to general gyne OPD with abnormal uterine bleeding at Chirayu Medical College and Hospital between January 2021 to May 2022 were studied. All patients selected for study had a thorough evaluation with detailed history, clinical examination, lab tests and sonography followed by hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy. Results: Mean age of patients in our study was 44 years with majority of patients in 41-50 years age group. Predominant complaint reported was heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) (47.50%) followed by HMB with frequent cycle (11.25%). Hysteroscopy detected intrauterine abnormality in 42.50% cases. Most common finding on hysteroscopy in our study was hyperplastic endometrium in 17.50% patients followed by endometrial polyp in 15% of patients. Atrophic endometrium was seen in 2.5% and 2.5% had submucous fibroid. Conclusions: Hysteroscopy allows diagnosis or exclusion of intracavitary pathologies, which are underdiagnosed on routine pelvic sonography. It also enables treatment in the same sitting with accurate tissue biopsy from the representative areas and facilitates planning of further management. When combined with endometrial biopsy and pelvic ultrasonography, it can establish an accurate diagnosis in a majority of patients thereby reducing the burden of hysterectomy

Comparative genomics and the evolution of immune genes in Drosophila

Immune genes are among the most dynamic components of animal genomes, shaped by complex trade-offs between functional constraints, pathogen selective pressure, and environment. While Drosophila melanogaster has provided a detailed picture of innate immunity in insects, the family Drosophilidae—spanning over 60 million years and diverse ecological niches—offers a unique opportunity to study how immune systems evolve across deep evolutionary timescales. Recent large-scale sequencing efforts have now generated hundreds of high-quality drosophilid genomes, creating unprecedented opportunities for comparative analysis. However, a major limitation has been the lack of consistent gene annotations across species. In this thesis, I address this gap by generating standardized protein-coding gene annotations for 304 drosophilid species. Using a combination of comparative (CAT) and de novo (BRAKER3) annotation, guided by RNAseq and protein homology evidence, I built a consistent, high-quality gene annotation resource. I next investigated the evolutionary rates and turnover of immune-related genes relative to non-immune genes. Using models of DNA sequence evolution and trait evolution, I show that immune genes, particularly effectors and recognition proteins, evolve more rapidly than signaling genes and non-immune genes. I identified gene-level predictors of evolutionary rate, including expression level, relative solvent accessibility, gene length, and protein/genetic interactions. Finally, I used transcriptomic data from pathogen-challenged and unchallenged individuals of three non-model drosophilids to evaluate the bioinformatic recovery of known immune genes, to investigate their conservation and evolution of immune responses and discover novel immune effectors. I identified 20 candidate antimicrobial peptides that are infection-inducible, encode short, secreted proteins, and have no clear homologs in D. melanogaster, highlighting extensive lineage-specific evolution of immune effectors

Development of a fast-acting nanosuspension nasal drop using a novel co-processed polymer for migraine relief

Background: Effective central nervous system (CNS) drug delivery remains challenging due to the blood-brain barrier. Nasal drug delivery offers a non-invasive alternative, ensuring rapid drug absorption and onset of action. Prochlorperazine Maleate, a drug for migraines, suffers from poor solubility, limiting its therapeutic potential. Methodology: A nanosuspension-based nasal drop was developed and optimized using high-pressure homogenization. A novel co-processed polymer enhances solubility and stability. Key formulation parameters, including particle size, zeta potential, and polymer concentration, were optimized using a central composite design. The optimized nanosuspension was characterized for its physicochemical properties, drug release, and stability. Results and Discussion: The optimized formulation (Batch F9) exhibited a particle size of 78.8 nm and a high drug release rate (93.87% in 8 hours). Stability studies confirmed no significant changes in drug content, pH, or osmolality over a three-month period. The nasal drop provided consistent dosing, with each actuation delivering a precise amount of drug content. In vitro drug release studies demonstrated a sustained release pattern, enabling prolonged migraine relief. Conclusion: The developed nanosuspension nasal drop presents a promising solution for CNS drug delivery, ensuring rapid and sustained therapeutic outcomes. This nanosuspension nasal drop achieved a 5.6-fold enhancement in solubility and demonstrated rapid onset within 10 minutes post-administration. Although promising, the study is limited to in vitro characterization; future research should explore in vivo efficacy and long-term safety

SCREENING OF CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT SCREENING METHOD AGAINST FOOT ROT OF KINNOW MANDARIN

Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica is major pathogen causing foot rot/gummosis in Kinnow mandarin in Punjab conditions. Eleven rootstocks were tested against the pathogen by inoculation of spore suspension as well as leaf baiting technique. Among all rootstocks Cleopatra (45.80%) and Rough lemon (44.93%) showed maximum reduction in number of leaves, while Citrumelo (26.02%) exhibited minimum. In another parameters like seedling height, feeder root volume, feeder root length, tap root length and root weight, Citrumelo and X639 showed minimum reduction (>25%). Minimum leaf injury was observed in Citrumelo with 1.4 cm up to 120 hours and maximum for Rough lemon (2.4cm). In leaf baiting with injury, Cleopatra had maximum lesion (4 cm) at 120 hr. Comparison with number of sporangia on leaf disc not found fruitful because after 48 hours number of sporangia on leaf edge were not differed significantly. In this study Cleoapatra and Rough lemon found to be most susceptible while Citrumelo and X639 showed tolerant reaction

Sequential C-reactive protein: a cheap and a valuable biomarker in patients with sepsis

Background: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a valuable biomarker of sepsis. Levels of CRP increase very rapidly in response to infection, and decrease just as rapidly with the resolution of the condition. The aim of the research was to study, C-reactive protein levels in patients of sepsis and to study the pattern of CRP levels in patients of Sepsis with hypertension, diabetes, smokers and alcoholics.Methods: This prospective observational cohort study was conducted from December 2016 to September 2018 in 100 cases of sepsis. Patients presenting in emergency with sepsis were included as subjects. C- reactive protein was measured in every patient at the time of admission and after 72 hours.  Facts related to history, clinical examination and biochemical parameters were recorded in a pretyped proforma. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.Results: Males outnumbered females. Most of the patients40(40%)  were in the age group of  less than 30 years  age group. CRP levels were markedly elevated in patients with diabetes mellitus (92.2±102.63) as compared to patients with hypertension (36.66±26.97) or both (24.20±12.87). CRP levels were higher in alcoholics (60.59±44.20) as compared to smokers (13.37±10.96).  CRP levels decreased significantly after 72 hours compared to CRP levels at the time of admission (p <0.001) across all patients suggestive of acute infection.Conclusions: Serial CRP measurement, rather than a single determination at the time of admission, is cheap and valuable in the diagnosis of sepsis and in monitoring the response to therapy.  CRP levels shows exaggerated response in diabetes mellitus and alcoholics with sepsis in this study