A Pricing-Based Cooperative Spectrum Sharing Stackelberg Game

We consider the problem of cooperative spectrum sharing among a primary user (PU) and multiple secondary users (SUs) under quality of service (QoS) constraints. The SUs network is controlled by the PU through a relay which gets a revenue for amplifying and forwarding the SUs signals to their respective destinations. The relay charges each SU a different price depending on its received signal-to-interference and-noise ratio (SINR). The relay can control the SUs network and maximize any desired PU utility function. The PU utility function represents its rate, which is affected by the SUs access, and its gained revenue to allow the access of the SUs. The SU network can be formulated as a game in which each SU wants to maximize its utility function; the problem is formulated as a Stackelberg game. Finally, the problem of maximizing the primary utility function is solved through three different approaches, namely, the optimal, the heuristic and the suboptimal algorithms.Comment: 7 pages. IEEE, WiOpt 201

Throughput analysis of full-duplex communication cognitive radio network

In this paper we deal with the throughput of full-duplex cognitive communication radio which exploits unused band of primary user (PU) network. Classical cognitive radio uses half-duplex communication spectrum sensing to perform spectrum sensing and data transmission at different time intervals. It’s well-established fact that in half-duplex communication cognitive radio spectrum sensing time increases at low SNR which gives rise to lesser data transmission time for secondary user (SU) and hence results in less throughput for SU. It’s useful idea to do spectrum sensing and data transmission at the same time with two different antennas co-located on the SU transceiver. This shall not only guarantee high probability of detection of PU but also increased data transmission which means more throughput for SU. However, simultaneous sensing and data transmission has inherent problem of self-interference. One of the possible solution is to use polarisation discrimination in which sensing and data transmission antennas must use different polarisation. This is feasible if there is prior information about the polarisation of the signals emitted by the PUs. It shall be of special interest to assess throughput using analytical expressions for probability of detection PD, probability of false alarm PFA at various values of SNR for time-slotted cognitive radio which uses half-duplex spectrum sensing and non-time-slotted cognitive radio which uses full-duplex communication cognitive radio

Dual-Band 802.11 RF Energy Harvesting Optimization for IoT Devices with Improved Patch Antenna Design and Impedance Matching

This paper investigates the feasibility of harvesting Radio Frequency (RF) energy from the Wi-Fi frequency band to power low-power Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices. With the increasing prevalence of IoT applications and wireless sensor networks (WSNs), there is a critical need for sustainable energy sources that can extend the operational lifespan of these devices, particularly in remote locations, where access to reliable power supplies is limited. The paper describes the design, simulation, and fabrication of a dual-band antenna capable of operating at 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, the frequencies used by Wi-Fi. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed design is efficient based on the reflection coefficient. Using a high-frequency simulator, we developed two C-shaped and an F-shaped microstrip antenna design, optimized for impedance matching and efficient RF–DC conversion.The captured RF energy is converted into usable electrical power that can be directly utilized by low-power IoT devices or stored in batteries for later use. The paper introduces an efficient design for dual-band antennas to maximize the reception of Wi-Fi signals. It also explains the construction of an impedance-matching network to reduce signal reflection and improve power transfer efficiency. The results indicate that the proposed antennas can effectively harvest Wi-Fi energy, providing a sustainable power source for IoT devices. The practical implementation of this system offers a promising solution to the energy supply challenges faced by remote and low-power IoT applications, paving the way for more efficient and longer-lasting wireless sensor networks

Implementing opportunistic spectrum access in LTE-Advanced

Long term evolution advanced (LTE-A) has emerged as a promising mobile broadband access technology aiming to cope with the increasing traffic demand in wireless networks. However, the enhanced spectral efficiency offered by LTE-A may become futile without a better management of scarce and overcrowded electromagnetic spectrum. In this sense, cognitive radio (CR) has been proposed as a potential solution to the problem of spectrum scarcity. Among all the mechanisms provided by CR, opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) aims at a dynamic and seamless use of certain licensed bands provided the licensee is not harmfully affected. This operation requires spectral awareness in order to avoid interferences with licensed systems. In spite of implementing some spectrum sensing mechanisms, LTE-A technology lacks other tools that are needed in order to improve the knowledge of the radio environment. This work studies the adoption of a Geo-located data base (Geo-DB) that cooperatively retrieves and maintains information regarding the location of unutilized portions of spectrum potentially available for OSA. Moreover, the potential benefit of this LTE-compliant OSA solution is evaluated using a calibrated simulation tool, by which numerical results allow us to optimally configure the system and show that the proposed opportunistic system is able to significantly improve its performance.The authors would like to thank the funding received from the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion within the Project number TEC2011-27723-C02-02 and from the Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio TSI-020100-2011-266 funds. This article had been written in the framework of the CELTIC project CP08-001 COMMUNE. Study by X. Gelabert is funded by the BP-DGR 2010 scholarship (ref. 00192). 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Technical aspects in effective frequency spectrum pricing

Microwave spectrum has been the primary solution for the rapid and cost-effective rollout of mobile backhaul infrastructure. Most of the mobile sites worldwide today are connecting via Microwave (MW) or Millimeter Wave (mmW) radio links. The evolution from 4G towards 5G presents significant challenges to all transport technologies and wireless ones make no exception. The goal of this paper is to investigate technical factors that can be used by regulators in order to achieve an effective frequency spectrum-pricing model applied for Microwave links. Especially in this stage, while all mobile operators need a huge bandwidth of spectrum to accommodate and backhaul high data rates for 4G and 5G applications. There are several strategies in theory that could be used by regulators in order to determine appropriate frequency spectrum fees. In addition, there are different factors when it comes to evaluating the value of spectrum. Many aspects and issues are facing regulators for designing an effective spectrum management, such as efficient spectrum usage, public and social benefits, introduction of new technologies, licensing regimes, etc. Therefore, in this paper we are looking for some technical factors that may be taken into account in order to have an effective frequency spectrum-pricing model for Microwave links