Measuring banking efficiency in the pre- and post-liberalization environment : evidence from the Turkish banking system

The authors examine banking efficiency before and after liberalization, drawing on Turkey's experience. They also investigate the scale effect on efficiency by type of ownership. Their findings suggest that liberalization programs were followed by an observable decline in efficiency, not an improvement. During the study period Turkish banks did not operate at the optimum scale. Another unexpected result was that efficiency was no different between state-owned and privately owned banks. Banks that were privately owned or foreign owned had been expected to respond better to liberalization, because they were smaller and more dynamically structured, but they were no more efficient than state-owned banks. One reason for the systemwide decline in efficiency might have been the general increase in macroeconomic instability during the period studied.Financial Crisis Management&Restructuring,Banks&Banking Reform,Environmental Economics&Policies,Financial Intermediation,Economic Theory&Research

A General Analytical Approximation to Impulse Response of 3-D Microfluidic Channels in Molecular Communication

In this paper, the impulse response for a 3-D microfluidic channel in the presence of Poiseuille flow is obtained by solving the diffusion equation in radial coordinates. Using the radial distribution, the axial distribution is then approximated accordingly. Since Poiseuille flow velocity changes with radial position, molecules have different axial properties for different radial distributions. We, therefore, present a piecewise function for the axial distribution of the molecules in the channel considering this radial distribution. Finally, we lay evidence for our theoretical derivations for impulse response of the microfluidic channel and radial distribution of molecules through comparing them using various Monte Carlo simulations.Comment: The manuscript is submitted to IEEE: Transactions on Nanobioscienc

Immediate economic history of Iraq

I have analyzed effects of the economic crisis, which began in the USA, on Northern Iraq under three main titles: First, I studied the economic history of Iraq. Second, I analyzed the effects of it in Northern Iraq. Finally, I interviewed entrepreneurs about the effects of crisis on private sectors in this region. I have been in northern Iraq for three years. I have tried to reach original sources, have interviewed people in the government and examinedthe impact of the crisis on the people and government. It was seen that the countryʼs economy, is mostly based on the oil sectors, so we especially highlighted oil production and revenue, which have been affected indirectly from the global crisis

Enhanced exfoliation technique for the separation of graphene nanosheets

Graphene sheets are carbon-based materials which combine exceptional electron conductivity, mechanical strength and optical transparency. Graphene nanosheets were fabricated by an enhanced, safer and mild technique in a shortened processing time. Samples were characterized by SEM, XRD, TGA, AFM and Raman Spectroscopy

A high power handling capability CMOS T/R switch for x-band phased array antenna systems

This paper presents a single-pole double-throw (SPDT) transmit/receive (T/R) switch fabricated in 0.25-μm SiGe BiCMOS process for X-Band (8 – 12 GHz) phased array radar applications. The switch is based on series-shunt topology with combination of techniques to improve insertion loss (IL), isolation and power handling capability (P1dB). These techniques include optimization of transistor widths for lower insertion loss and parallel resonance technique to improve isolation. In addition, DC biasing of input and output ports, on-chip impedance transformation networks (ITN) and resistive body-floating are used to improve P1dB of the switch. All these design techniques resulted in a measured IL of 3.6 dB, isolation of 30.8 dB and P1dB of 28.2 dBm at 10 GHz. The return losses at both input and output ports are better than 16 dB from 8 to 12 GHz. To our knowledge, this work presents the highest P1dB at X-Band compared to other reported single-ended CMOS T/R switches in the literature

A new resonant circuit for 2.45 GHz LC VCO with linear frequency tuning

A new MOS varactor bank is proposed to implement a 2.45 GHz SiGe BiCMOS LC-tank voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) with linear frequency tuning. Compared to a conventional VCO, the proposed technique improves the quality factor of the LC-tank while preserving the linearity of the circuit. Realized in 0.25-μm SiGe BiCMOS technology, VCO exhibits 35% VCO gain (KVCO) variation from 2.29 to 2.66 GHz with a 16% tuning ratio. The VCO also exhibits a phase noise of -113 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset frequency and consumes 1.7 mA from 1.8 V supply