Identification and characterization of genes involved in the fruit color development of european plum

European plum fruit (Prunus domestica) are normally blue-black to dark purple. However, some genotypes remain green/yellow after ripening. We hypothesized that in such genotypes anthocyanin biosynthesis is genetically disturbed. To examine this hypothesis, six european plum genotypes with diverse fruit colors were investigated for the expression pattern of several anthocyanin biosynthetic genes (ABGs)—e.g., phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase (CHS), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanin synthase (ANS), and UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase 1 and 2 (UFGT 1 and 2). Expression profiles indicated that ABGs, especially Pd-CHS and UFGT 2, were significantly downregulated in the green/yellow fruit compared with the dark-purple fruit. Furthermore, the quantification of total polyphenols and individual flavonoid compounds showed substantial differences between the off-colored and the purple genotype. To further examine the contribution of each of the ABGs in color development, the open reading frame (ORP) of Pd-CHS, Pd-DFR, Pd-ANS, and Pd-UFGT 2 was ectopically expressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). The characterization of transgenic plants showed that the petals of plants expressing Pd-CHS were darker in color and had higher anthocyanin content than control or even other transgenic types, suggesting the significant contribution of CHS in determining anthocyanin production levels and hence fruit coloration. The results of this study provides better understanding of color development in european plum, which can be rewarding in developing european plum cultivars with desired colors through classical or modern breeding tools

Tree defence and bark beetles in a drying world: carbon partitioning, functioning and modelling.

Drought has promoted large-scale, insect-induced tree mortality in recent years, with severe consequences for ecosystem function, atmospheric processes, sustainable resources and global biogeochemical cycles. However, the physiological linkages among drought, tree defences, and insect outbreaks are still uncertain, hindering our ability to accurately predict tree mortality under on-going climate change. Here we propose an interdisciplinary research agenda for addressing these crucial knowledge gaps. Our framework includes field manipulations, laboratory experiments, and modelling of insect and vegetation dynamics, and focuses on how drought affects interactions between conifer trees and bark beetles. We build upon existing theory and examine several key assumptions: (1) there is a trade-off in tree carbon investment between primary and secondary metabolites (e.g. growth vs defence); (2) secondary metabolites are one of the main component of tree defence against bark beetles and associated microbes; and (3) implementing conifer-bark beetle interactions in current models improves predictions of forest disturbance in a changing climate. Our framework provides guidance for addressing a major shortcoming in current implementations of large-scale vegetation models, the under-representation of insect-induced tree mortality

Attendance Monitoring System of Students Based on Biometric and GPS Tracking System

This paper is a study of a fingerprint recognition system based on minutiae based fingerprint algorithms used in various techniques. This line of track mainly involves extraction of minutiae points from the model fingerprint images and fingerprint matching based on the number of minutiae pairings among to fingerprints. This paper also provides the design method of fingerprint based student attendance with help of GSM. This system ignores the requirement for stationary materials and personnel for keeping of records. The main objective of this project is to develop an embedded system, which is used for security applications. The biometrics technology is rapidly progressing and offers attractive opportunities. In recent years, biometric authentication has grown in popularity as a means of personal identification in college administration systems. The prominent biometric methods that may be used for authentication include fingerprint, palmprint, and handprint, face recognition, speech recognition, dental and eye biometrics. In this paper, a microcontroller based prototype of attendance system using fingerprint sensor and face recognition module is implemented. The tracking module is used here to identify the location of the missing person

Global expression analysis of the yeast Lachancea (saccharomyces) kluyveri reveals new URC genes involved in pyrimidine catabolism

Pyrimidines are important nucleic acid precursors which are constantly synthesized, degraded, and rebuilt in the cell. Four degradation pathways, two of which are found in eukaryotes, have been described. One of them, the URC pathway, has been initially discovered in our laboratory in the yeast Lachancea kluyveri. Here, we present the global changes in gene expression in L. kluyveri in response to different nitrogen sources, including uracil, uridine, dihydrouracil, and ammonia. The expression pattern of the known URC genes, URC1-6, helped to identify nine putative novel URC genes with a similar expression pattern. The microarray analysis provided evidence that both the URC and PYD genes are under nitrogen catabolite repression in L. kluyveri and are induced by uracil or dihydrouracil, respectively. We determined the function of URC8, which was found to catalyze the reduction of malonate semialdehyde to 3-hydroxypropionate, the final degradation product of the pathway. The other eight genes studied were all putative permeases. Our analysis of double deletion strains showed that the L. kluyveri Fui1p protein transported uridine, just like its homolog in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but we demonstrated that is was not the only uridine transporter in L. kluyveri. We also showed that the L. kluyveri homologs of DUR3 and FUR4 do not have the same function that they have in S. cerevisiae, where they transport urea and uracil, respectively. In L. kluyveri, both of these deletion strains grew normally on uracil and urea

Design of electrical power distribution system for oil and gas storage depot

LAUREA MAGISTRALEL'impianto elettrico è progettato in modo efficiente per fornire servizi continui e affidabili. L'obiettivo principale della progettazione del sistema è la semplicità di manutenzione e funzionamento, la sicurezza del personale e delle apparecchiature, la riduzione al minimo delle perdite di potenza, la protezione meccanica delle apparecchiature, l'interscambio di apparecchiature e carichi aggiuntivi. Richiede uno studio scientifico basato su varie teorie e una certa esperienza pratica per raggiungere gli obiettivi e i risultati desiderati. In questo studio, si stanno esaminando apparecchiature di nuova installazione/costruzione/opere materiali e impiantistiche relative all'impianto elettrico di un'unità di un impianto di stoccaggio di petrolio e gas in Italia, a servizio dell'impianto per le finalità di seguito sinteticamente indicate. Lo studio progettuale riguarda in sintesi la fornitura e realizzazione di Interscambio dei vani esistenti con i nuovi cassetti in centrale di controllo motori, Rete di terra primaria e secondaria, Impianto luce e prese di alimentazione, Dimensionamento dei cavi di alimentazione BT per le nuove apparecchiature, Tabelle di taratura delle protezioni nuova attrezzatura. Lo scopo di questo studio è quello di fornire le soluzioni in diversi modi, i carichi elettrici sono alimentati da alimentatori stabili. Inoltre è stato evidenziato il ruolo importante della resistenza di cortocircuito dei trasformatori nel controllo della corrente di cortocircuito. Anche le procedure di selezione delle apparecchiature elettriche e dei componenti forniti, inclusi cavi, trasformatori, interruttori di circuito, ecc. Il dimensionamento e le specifiche delle apparecchiature, le perdite e la caduta di tensione sono verificati mediante uno studio del flusso di carico. Nel frattempo vengono implementati uno studio dettagliato del calcolo della corrente di cortocircuito, il calcolo della messa a terra e dell'illuminazione, i calcoli dell'illuminazione e verificate le prestazioni del sistema dai risultati di questo studio. Poiché vi è un'ampia varietà di apparecchiature da un lato e la ricerca su questioni economiche dall'altro richiede molto tempo, lo scopo di questa relazione è concentrarsi principalmente sugli aspetti tecnici e sui risultati, non copre i fattori economici. Ad ogni modo, l'industria petrolifera e del gas richiede un'ingegneria di alto livello per progettare sistemi elettrici.The Electrical system is efficiently designed to provide continuous and reliable services. The main goal of the system design is the simplicity of maintenance and operation, personnel and equipment safety and minimizing power losses, mechanical protection of equipment, interchanging equipment, and additional loads. It requires a scientific study based on various theories and some practical experience to achieve the desired goals and results. In this study, we are investigating newly installed/constructed appliances/material and plant engineering works related to the electrical system of one unit of an oil and gas storage plant in Italy, serving the plant referred to the goals as briefly indicated below. The design study briefly concerns the supply and implementation of the Interchange of the existing compartments with the new drawers in the motor control center, Primary and secondary earth network, Light system and power sockets, Sizing of the LV power supply cables for new equipment, Protection calibration tables of the latest equipment. This study provides solutions in different ways; stable power supplies energize the electrical loads. In addition, the critical role of short circuit resistance of transformers in controlling short circuit current has been provided. Also, the selection procedures for electrical equipment and supplied by components, including cables, transformers, circuit breakers, etc. The load flow study checks the equipment sizing and specification, losses, and voltage drop. Meanwhile, a detailed analysis of the short circuit current calculation Earthing and lightning calculation, and Illumination calculations are implemented, and check the system performance by the results of this study. Because there is a wide variety of equipment on one side and the research on economic matters on the other is time-consuming, this report mainly focuses on technical aspects and results. It does not cover economic factors. Anyhow, Oil and gas industry requires high-standard engineering to design electrical systems

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Performance tests on Screw Feeder Conveyor for Nodule Transfer Deep Sea Applications

A screw conveyor is a versatile conveyor used in many process plants for the transfer of bulk solids and powders. The following article has written to understand screw conveyor design and selection of the right screw conveyor for underwater applications to convey crushed manganese nodules to the pump system for nodule transfer. The nodules from the sea bed will be collected by a pickup device and crushed into less than 30mm pieces by using a crusher and pumped by a positive displacement pump to the mother vessel. Screw feeder is used to transfer curshed Polymetallic Nodules from hopper to pump system with controlled feed rate. A land based screw feeder is modified to suit the under water applications. Studies on screw conveyors were conducted to examine performance in land as well as underwater. Most of these studies were experimental in nature. This paper presents a critical review on the design and validation of a screw conveyor