The evolution of interstellar clouds in a streaming hot plasma including heat conduction

To examine the evolution of giant molecular clouds in the stream of a hot plasma we performed two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations that take full account of self-gravity, heating and cooling effects and heat conduction by electrons. We use the thermal conductivity of a fully ionized hydrogen plasma proposed by Spitzer and a saturated heat flux according to Cowie & McKee in regions where the mean free path of the electrons is large compared to the temperature scaleheight. Significant structural and evolutionary differences occur between simulations with and without heat conduction. Dense clouds in pure dynamical models experience dynamical destruction by Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) instability. In static models heat conduction leads to evaporation of such clouds. Heat conduction acting on clouds in a gas stream smooths out steep temperature and density gradients at the edge of the cloud because the conduction timescale is shorter than the cooling timescale. This diminishes the velocity gradient between the streaming plasma and the cloud, so that the timescale for the onset of KH instabilities increases, and the surface of the cloud becomes less susceptible to KH instabilities. The stabilisation effect of heat conduction against KH instability is more pronounced for smaller and less massive clouds. As in the static case more realistic cloud conditions allow heat conduction to transfer hot material onto the cloud's surface and to mix the accreted gas deeper into the cloud.Comment: 19 pages, 12 figures, accepted in Astronomy and Astrophysic

Digital collaboration in the norwegian-subject from 8th to 10th grade

Master IKT i læring, Fakultet for lærerutdanning, kultur og idrett. Institutt for pedagogikk, religion og samfunnsfag.Formålet med denne studien har vært å se nærmere på hvordan lærere tilrettelegger for digitalt samarbeid i norskfaget på ungdomsskolen. Digitalt samarbeid blir lagt fram som viktig i forbindelse med den teknologiske utviklingen i samfunnet, og skolen har et viktig mandat. Nye former for kommunikasjon og samarbeid er i stadig utvikling, og samarbeidsferdigheter blir i den forbindelse understreket. Parallelt med alle mulighetene som ligger gjennom et digitalt samarbeid, stilles det også krav til lærerens kompetanse samt tilgang til og tilgjengelighet av digitale læringsressurser. Utgangspunktet har blant annet vært å få vite hvordan læreren tilrettelegger, og hvilke muligheter og utfordringer som oppleves. Problemstillingen er som følger: Hvordan legger lærere i norskfaget på ungdomsskolen til rette for digitalt samarbeid blant elever i en-til-en klasserommet? Metoden som er brukt er kvalitativ. Den kvalitative tilnærmingen ble valgt med bakgrunn i at det var lærernes opplevelser og erfaringer som skulle undersøkes. Data ble samlet inn gjennom semi-strukturerte intervju. Deltakernes opplevelser blir drøftet i lys av tidligere forskning og teoretisk perspektiv. Resultatene i studien viser at tilretteleggingens forskjellige aspekter er avhengig av de forutsetninger, herunder trygghet, erfaring samt digitale kompetanse lærerne forklarer de selv og elevene har. Det digitale samarbeid er mer utbredt når tilrettelagt gjennom prosjektarbeid og tverrfaglige temaer, er avhengig av hvilket trinn elevene går på og om man har tilgang til digitale læringsressurser. Google-verktøy er mye i bruk med bakgrunn i at de er enkle å bedrive samarbeid gjennom. Læreren fungerer i større grad som en veileder gjennom å legge til rette for mer prosessfokus i underveisvurderingen. Selv om lærerne opplever utfordringer i form av at elever bedriver andre ting, at de opplever å ikke være digitalt innfødt og at det foreligger begrensninger på hvilke digitale læringsressurser som finnes, blir utfordringene trumfet av mulighetene det digitale samarbeidet gir. Muligheter som å bedrive kreative læringsaktiviteter som engasjerer og skaper aktive elever som lærer med og av hverandre.MASIKT-OP

KEMAMPUAN KEUANGAN DAERAH KABUPATEN JAYAWIJAYA SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH PEMEKARAN KABUPATEN JAYAWIJAYA TAHUN 2001-2004 (SESUAI DENGAN UU NO. 21 TAHUN 2001 TENTANG OTONOMI KHUSUS BAGI PROVINSI PAPUA)

Undang·Undang No.21 tahun 2001 tentang otonomi khusus bagi Provinsi Papua memberikan kewenangan yang lebih besar bagi pemerintah daerah di Provinsi Papua untuk mengali dan mengembangkan potensi yang dimilikinya untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat di Provinsi Papua. Undang-Undang No.2l tahun 200l juga memberikan penerimaan yang lebih besar dari bagi hasil sumberdaya alam bagi Provinsi Papua, diharapkan dengan adanya penerimaan pendapatan dari dana hegi hasil yang lebih besar, pemerintah daerah di Provinsi Papua dapat memajukan pembangunan di Provinsi Papua yang jauh tertinggal dibandingkan dengan daerah lain di Indonesia. Pemekaran beberapa kabupaten di Provinsi Papua sesuai dengan UU. No. 26 tahun 2002 tentang pembentukan Kabupaten Sarmi, Kabupaten Kerom, Kabupaten Mappi, Kabupaten Boven Digul, Kabupaten Asmat, Kabupaten Tolikara, Kabupaten Pegunungan Bintang, Kabupaten Yahukimo, Kabupaten Teluk Wondama, Kabupaten Teluk Bintuni, Kabupaten Raja Ampat, Kabupaten Waropen, Kabupaten Kaimana; Kabupaten Sorong Selatan di Provinsi Papua, memberikan dampak yang cukup besar bagi beberapa kabupaten di Provinsi Papua. Kabupaten Jayawijaya yang dimekarkan menjadi 3 kabupaten baru yaitu Kabupaten Tolikara, Kabupaten Yahukimo dan Kabupaten Pegunungan Bintang, juga mengalami dampak dari pemekaran tersebut khususnya dalam bidang keuangan

Self-enrichment of Galactic halo globular clusters: stimulated star formation and consequences for the halo metallicity distribution

We explore the self-enrichment hypothesis for globular cluster formation with respect to the star formation aspect. Following this scenario, the massive stars of a first stellar generation chemically enrich the globular progenitor cloud up to Galactic halo metallicities and sweep it into an expanding spherical shell of gas. This paper investigates the ability of this swept proto-globular cloud to become gravitationally unstable and, therefore, to seed the formation of second generation stars which may later on form a globular cluster. We use a simple model based on a linear perturbation theory for transverse motions in a shell of gas to demonstrate that the pressures by which the progenitor clouds are bound and the supernova numbers required to achieve Galactic halo metallicities support the successful development of the shell transverse collapse. Interestingly, the two parameters controling the metallicity achieved through self-enrichment, namely the number of supernovae and the external pressure, also rule the surface density of the shell and thus its ability to undergo a transverse collapse. Such a supernova-induced origin for the globular cluster stars opens therefore the way to the understanding of the halo metallicity distributions. This model is also able to explain the lower limit of the halo globular cluster metallicity.Comment: 16 pages, 16 figures, MNRAS accepte

Pengaruh Relaksasi Otot dan Kesadaran Indera Terhadap Kecemasan Pria Pasca Stroke

Kecemasan yang dirasakan oleh penderita pasca stroke dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor di antaranya perubahan pola hidup penderita, misal cemas menghadapi kehilangan kemampuan berjalan, kelumpuhan pada salah satu sisi tubuh, gangguan komunikasi dan gangguan dalam menjalankan aktivitas hidup sehari-hari dan lain sebagainya. Salah satu cara yang dapat digunakan untuk mengurangi kecemasan pasca stroke adalah dengan melakukan relaksasi otot dan kesadaran indera. Relaksasi otot dan kesadaran indera dapat mengurangi kecemasan karena mengaktifkan sistem saraf parasimpatetis yang menstimulasi turunnya semua fungsi yang dinaikkan oleh sistem saraf simpatetis dan menstimulasi semua fungsi yang diturunkan oleh sistem saraf simpatetis. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah pria pasca stroke yang berada dalam tahap dewasa madya dengan usia 40 tahun sampai dengan 60 tahun. Subjek yang diperoleh (N = 8), dibagi menjadi kelompok eksperimen (n = 4) dan kelompok kontrol (n = 4). Desain penelitian adalah control group pre test-post test design. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yang digunakan adalah Wilcoxon dan U-Mann Whitney. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan kecemasan pasca stoke pada kelompok eksperimen sebelum dan sesudah treatment diberikan. Jika analisis secara individual diketahui subjek 2 dan 4 mengalami penurunan tingkat kecemasan pasca stroke sebanyak I tingkat. Ketidak efektifan relaksasi otot dan kesadaran indera untuk menurunkan kecemasan pasca stroke disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor yaitu berkaitan dengan adanya konflik internal dalam diri subjek yang berpengaruh terhadap munculnya kecemasan pasca stroke, kurangnya kontrol lingkungan pada saat pelaksanaan relaksasi otot dan kesadaran indera. Selain itu waktu pelaksanaan treatment yang kurang memadai karena terlalu singkat, kurangnya keseriusan subjek dalam melaksanakan relaksasi dan gangguan-gangguan fisik yang dialami subjek penelitian akibat menderita stroke dan bukan disebabkan oleh relaksasi otot yang dilakukan

Uji Mutagenitas Perasaan Buah Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia Linn) pada bakteri Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 dengan Metode Mutasi Balik.

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui efek mutagenik dari perasan buah mengkudu (Morida citrifolia, Linn) yang ditambahkan ke dalam media pertumbuhan bakteri Salmonella typhimurium TA 98. Dimana bertujuan untuk melindungi masyarakat dalam hal keamanan penggunaan perasan buah mengkudu (Morida citrifolia, Linn) sebagai obat penurun kadar glukosa darah. Perasan buah mengkudu (Morida citrifolia, Linn) yang telah masak dibuat dengan dosis 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 mg tiap lempeng. Uji mutagenisitas ini dilakukan dengan penambahan campuran S9 dan tanpa penambahan campuran S9. Untuk kontrol positif dengan penambahan campuran S9 digunakan 2AA, sedangkan tanpa penambahan campuran S9 digunakan AF2. Untuk kontrol negatif dengan penambahan campuran S9 dan tanpa penambahan campuran S9 digunakan DMSO. Campuran pada uji, kontrol negatif, kontrol positif dipreinkubasi pada suhu 37°C selama 20 menit, kemudian ditambah Top Agar cair, didistribusikan pada lempeng glukosa minimal, diinkubasi pada suhu 3rC selama 48 jam. Dihitungjumlah koloni revertan pada lempeng uji dan lempeng kontrol kemudian diamati adanya hubungan dosis respon sekurang-kurangnya tiga dosis uji. Dosis tertinggi jumlah koloni revertan sekurang-kurangnya 2 kali dari jumlah koloni revertan lempeng kontrol negatif Dari basil uji mutagenisitas dengan metode mutasi balik, bahwa perasan buah mengkudu (Morida citrifolia, Linn) dengan dosis 5, I 0, 20, 40, 80 mg tiap lempeng tidak menyebabkan mutasi gen pada bakteri Salmonella typhimurium T A 98

Evaluating project management through the lens of an Urban Manager: the case of Lehae

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Urban Studies in Urban Management., 2021In South Africa, over the past 10 years, newspaper articles and other publications about local government have commonly been reporting about unsatisfied citizens. The reports indicate that the high levels of dissatisfaction are a reaction to poor service delivery of housing, access to electricity, water and sanitation by local municipalities. This research report takes a qualitative case study approach and aims to evaluate the project management processes in the City of Johannesburg through the lens of an urban manager. The research report outlines that urban management is a broad and holistic approach to the development of a city. Thus, making an urban manager one that controls, balances and influences multiple dimensions that affect the development and growth of an urban area. Urban management is inclusive of all the elements that are essential to the functioning of a city, requiring the effective and efficient management of them all. This research focuses on only one of those elements, and that is the effective project management of municipal development projects. The literature review specifies that the one true test of good urban management is the provision of infrastructure. This research thus focuses on the project management task of an urban manager, as project management is a key contributing factor to the delivery of infrastructure. The research report uses the Lehae Mixed-Income Housing Development Project as the case study through which the evaluation of project management from the urban managers perspective will be done. This research report depicts the dynamics that make it complex for local government to follow a rational comprehensive and systematic method of completing a project within a contested and complex space. The complexity theory explicitly explains the constant complex system that the urban management concept exists in, with local government being one of three spheres of government and the closest sphere to the beneficiaries of government initiatives. Therefore, having to manage and influence the expectations and interests of multiple stakeholders. This research report found that urban management in the context of the City of Johannesburg proves difficult to implement. There are numerous factors that contribute to the difficulty of implementing urban management in the CoJ, the most prominent of them being the decentralised structure of the municipality with clear division of labour and city officials that practice within specialised areas. The lack of the holistic urban management practice at a lower level contributes to the limited project management implemented by the city on the Lehae Mixed Development Housing DevelopmentC

Contributors of clay practises in preschool children's behaviors transition from negative to positive

Sanat eğitimi, bireyin hayal gücünü kullanarak duygu düşüncelerini anlatabilmek amacıyla üretilen ürünler ile bireyin kendisini ifade edebilmesinde yararlanılan bir eğitimdir. Bu nedenle, okul öncesi çocukların seramik kil uygulamalarda, olumsuz davranış bozukluklarının çözümlenmesinde geçiş köprüsü olarak kullanılması, büyük önem taşımaktadır. Çocukların düşüncelerini coşku, hüzün, öfke vb. duygularını, dışa vurma gereksinimlerini kil ile kendilerini daha rahat ifade edebilmelerine olanak sağlanmıştır. Bu nedenle kil uygulama süreci ve sonucunda ortaya konulan ürünler, gözlenebilen davranışları değerlendiren bir çalışma olması nedeniyle de önemlidir. Bu çalışmada amaç, kil uygulamaların, okul öncesi çocukların olumsuz davranışlarına yönelik etkilerini incelemektir. Okul öncesi eğitimde sanat eğitimi içinde kil uygulamaların, olumsuz davranışlarına etkileri fotoğraflama tekniği ile izlenmiştir. Çocukların davranış değişimleri, sınıf öğretmeninin gözlemleri doğrultusunda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın amaç ve kapsamı belirlendikten sonra; okul öncesi eğitimi, sanat eğitimi, okulöncesi çocukların gelişim özellikleri ve davranış sorunları açıklanarak bir çerçeve oluşturulmuştur. Araştırma nitel araştırma yöntemi ile tarama modelinde betimsel bir nitelik taşımaktadır. Araştırma Bursa ilinde belirlenen okul öncesi çocukların seramik çalışmaları ile oluşmaktadır. Araştırma öğretmen görüşleri kapsamında görüşme tekniği, gözlem ve fotoğraflama tekniği ile yapılmıştır. Okul öncesi çocuklara kil uygulamaları hakkında açık uçlu sorular yöneltilerek çalışmalar analiz edilmiş ve yorumlanmıştır. Okul öncesi çocukların kil çalışması ile yapılan değerlendirme sonucunda, okul öncesi çocuklar da sanat eğitimi, çocuğun bilişsel, duyuşsal ve psikomotor gelişimine katkısını sağlayabilmektedir. Okul öncesi çocukların kil uygulamalarda gösterdikleri performans, el-parmak küçük kas gelişimini desteklediği ve el becerilerini geliştirmedeki rolünün önemli olduğunu kil çalışma ortamının çocukların içsel sıkıntı ve enerjisinin dışa vurumu konusunda etkili bir araç olduğu, sanat eğitimiyle çocuklardaki enerji fazlasının kil yardımıyla doğru yönlendirilebildiğin de çocukların duygu ve düşüncelerini daha kolay dışa vurabildiği görülmüştür. Bu nedenle öğrencilerin kil malzemesi kullanılarak kişisel gelişimin sağlanabileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.Art education is an education that an individual benefits to express himself/herself by using imagination with the aim of expressing the feelings and the ideas. For this reason, it is of great importance that preschool children are used as a bridge to analyse negative behavior disorders in ceramic clay applications. Clay has further enabled the children to express themselves and to satisfy their needs to express their ideas, enthusiasm, sadness, anger and etc. As a consequence, the products revealed at the implementation process and the end are of significance in terms of the fact that it is a work which is able to evaluate the observable behaviours. The impact of clay implementations in art education in pre-school education on negative behaviours has been observed through the photography technique. Children's behavioral changes have been realised in line with the class teacher's observations. In this research, the aim is to examine the effects of clay applications on negative behaviors of preschool children. It is aimed that changes in children are monitored through observations of a classroom teacher by means of the photography technique for effects of clay applications that are within the scope of art education in preschool education on negative behaviors. Children's behavioral changes have been realised in line with the class teacher's observations. After the purpose and scope of the research has been determined, a framework is set by explaining preschool education, art education, development characteristics and behavioral problems of preschool children. The research is comprised of ceramic works effectuated by pre-school children. Qualitative research method and screening model that has descriptive characteristics are used in the research. The research was carried out through interview, photography and observation technique within the scope of teacher's opinions. The studies are analysed and interpreted by posing open-ended questions about clay applications to preschool children. As a result of the evaluation of clay works of pre-school children, it is suggested that art education in pre-school children makes a contribution to the children's improvement of cognitive, affective and psychomotor development. The performance that the children have exhibited in clay works propounds that it supports the improvement of hand-finger muscle development, that the role it played is important, that it is an effective tool that helps children outpour their energy and internal boredom. It is also suggested that hyperenergy in children is canalized to a nonhazardous occupation with the help of clay and that it has further helped children express their feelings and ideas. As a consequence, it is extrapolated that personality development of children can be achieved with the use of clay