Relationship between blood pressure and BMI: a cross sectional study among government employees of Gujarat state, India

Background: For diseases like hypertension, cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes mellitus and other chronic diseases body mass index (BMI) is identified as a positive and independent risk factor associated with both morbidity and mortality. The objective of the study is to establish a relationship between blood pressure and BMI among government employees of Gujarat state.Methods:This cross-sectional study was carried out among government employees of new Sachivalaya, Gandhinagar of Gujarat during April to July 2004. Total 775 employees were selected using stratified, systematic random and simple random sampling designs. Written consent of all the subjects was obtained. A structured pre-tested proforma was used for collecting information and the results of the measurements. Anthropometric measurements like height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference were taken and BMI was calculated. To test the significance of the difference among the statistical parameters in different subsets of population F-test was applied. Results: Out of 775 subjects participated in the study 676 (87.2 percent) were males and 99 (12.8 percent) were females. The highest proportion of the study subjects were in the 41-50 age groups. The mean age of the study population was 46.72 years. The mean Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) of the total study population was 125.9 mm of Hg. The mean Diastolic Blood Pressure (SBP) of the total study population was 81.5 mm of Hg. The mean SBP and DBP shows an increasing trend with increasing age & were found statistically significant. [For SBP, F = 15.36, p=0.00, For DBP, F=4.9; p=0.007]. The difference among mean SBP and DBP of the three categories of BMI were found statistically significant in male population, female population and total study population (For SBP, F =14.48, p =0.00001) (For DBP, F=20.14, p=0.00000).Conclusion: There is significant correlation between BMI and DBP or SBP among government employees of Gujarat state situated in western part of India, thus basic measurement of weight and height to determine the BMI as a routine assessment during clinic visitation with appropriate lifestyle modification would help in controlling hypertension as well as reduce its prevalence.

Grain Configuration of Solid Rocket Motor

The solid rocket motor upper stage for a space launch vehicle is a more efficient propulsion technology than the liquid rocket motor upper stage. Its grain design has the potential to be crucial in terms of lowering inert mass by adopting improved volume efficiency with the lowest practicable sliver size while keeping maximum strength. Specifically, the strategy for (3D) grain arrangement of the slot for the upper stage solid rocket engine has been described in this paper. The complex configuration is established by the design process, which takes place under a parametric model of geometry in (CAD) software and is typified by varied dynamics. When constructing solid propellant rocket motors, grain arrangement is a vital and critical step. Accurate estimates of grain geometric properties play a key role in performance prediction and can be a vital and critical stage in the design of solid propellant rocket motors. This research study proposes an effective performance-matching design framework for solid rocket motors that are tuned to suit a range of thrust performance criteria. The framework is constructed utilising an innovative and specialised general design technique that was designed to evaluate the general design parameters, which is given in this study. Because of the findings obtained, it can be stated that the recommended framework is a practical and efficient approach for solid rocket engine design and development

A STUDY ON CLINICAL, LABORATORY MANIFESTATION AND EFFECT ON MAJOR ORGAN SYSTEM IN HYPOTHYROIDISM IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF SURAT CITY

Background: In addition to common classic manifestation of hypothyroidism, there are many additional manifestation of hypothyroidism that is less commonly acknowledged. The present study was planned with an objective to study the clinical profile, biochemical abnormalities and effect on major organ system of hypothyroidism. Methodology: All the patients were examined & symptoms and sign of hypothyroidism noted and then subjected to investigation, which includes routine investigation (RBS, S.Creatinine, CBC, ESR, Urine Analysis, Chest X-ray, ECG, S.cholesterol, S. protein. Specific investigation like echocardiography is also advised accordingly. Results: Facial puffiness in present in 24 (48%), Pedal edema in 20 (40%) and dyspnea and chest discomfort was present in 30% of patient. Among the neurological manifestations, delayed nerve jerk was present in 8 (16%), Hoarseness Of voice in 15 (30%) and deafness and impairment of memory was present in 2% of patient. Sinus bradycardia was present in 2 cases. Low voltage ECG in 5(10%).Low voltage with T wave changes observed in 4 cases.ST-T changes in 5 patients. Left ventricular hypertrophy presents in 4 cases. Conclusion: ST-T changes in the form of flat or inverted T wave was the most common abnormality in electrocardiogram i.e.14%, Sinus bradycardia was present in 4% of cases. Menorrhagia was the most common menstrual problem observed in 20% of cases, Anemia (Hb <11gm %) in 40 (80%), Serum cholesterol level was more than 200 mg % in 26(52%) cases

IMPORTANCE OF PACHYMETRY IN DIAGNOSIS OF OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA

Objective: The objective of the study was to establish relation between Central Corneal Thickness (CCT) and Intra-Occular Pressure (IOP) in Open Angle Glaucoma (OAG). Methods: A prospective study of randomly selected 100 cases was conducted where-in IOP was measured using Goldmann Applanation Tonometer and CCT was measured using Accutone Pachymeter. According to the CCT, patients was grouped into 3 categories: Group A - patients with normal CCT (510-530µm), Group B- patients with low CCT(530µm). Patients with history of any condition altering CCT were excluded. The IOP was adjusted using the correction nomogram : Corrected IOP = Applanation IOP + [5 mm Hg(mean normal - measured CCT µm) / 70 µm]. The measured IOP & corrected IOP was compared in each group and the data so obtained was analysed using the non-parametric chi square test. Result: Based on our findings, p value in group A with normal CCT is 0.9 (not significant), p value in group B with low CCT is 0.05 (significant) & in group C with high CCT is 0.029 (significant). Without the aid of corrected IOP 5 patients in group B having high IOP would have been wrongly labelled as having normal IOP & 9 patients in group C would have been wrongly labelled as having glaucoma. Conclusion: Thus CCT should be routinely taken into consideration as part of the comprehensive eye exam while measuring IOP, as knowledge of an individual's CCT provides valuable information about the accuracy of IOP status

Development of Microencapsulation Delivery System for Long-Term Preservation of Probiotics as Biotherapeutics Agent

The administration of probiotic bacteria for health benefit has rapidly expanded in recent years, with a global market worth $32.6 billion predicted by 2014. The oral administration of most of the probiotics results in the lack of ability to survive in a high proportion of the harsh conditions of acidity and bile concentration commonly encountered in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. Providing probiotic living cells with a physical barrier against adverse environmental conditions is therefore an approach currently receiving considerable interest. Probiotic encapsulation technology has the potential to protect microorganisms and to deliver them into the gut. However, there are still many challenges to overcome with respect to the microencapsulation process and the conditions prevailing in the gut. This review focuses mainly on the methodological approach of probiotic encapsulation including biomaterials selection and choice of appropriate technology in detailed manner.</jats:p

4-Dimensional printing: exploring current and future capabilities in biomedical and healthcare systems—a Concise review

4-Dimensional Printing (4DP) is the latest concept in the pharmacy and biomedical segment with enormous potential in dosage from personalization and medication designing, which adopts time as the fourth dimension, giving printed structures the flexibility to modify their morphology. It can be defined as the fabrication in morphology with the help of smart/intelligent materials like polymers that permit the final object to alter its properties, shape, or function in response to external stimuli such as heat, light, pH, and moisture. The applications of 4DP in biomedicines and healthcare are explored with a focus on tissue engineering, artificial organs, drug delivery, pharmaceutical and biomedical field, etc. In the medical treatments and pharmaceutical field 4DP is paving the way with unlimited potential applications; however, its mainstream use in healthcare and medical treatments is highly dependent on future developments and thorough research findings. Therefore, previous innovations with smart materials are likely to act as precursors of 4DP in many industries. This review highlights the most recent applications of 4DP technology and smart materials in biomedical and healthcare fields which can show a better perspective of 4DP applications in the future. However, in view of the existing limitations, major challenges of this technology must be addressed along with some suggestions for future research. We believe that the application of proper regulatory constraints with 4DP technology would pave the way for the next technological revolution in the biomedical and healthcare sectors

Recent trends in the nanozeolites-based oxygen concentrators and their application in respiratory disorders

Medical-grade oxygen is the basic need for all medical complications, especially in respiratory-based discomforts. There was a drastic increase in the demand for medical-grade oxygen during the current pandemic. The non-availability of medical-grade oxygen led to several complications, including death. The oxygen concentrator was only the last hope for the patient during COVID-19 pandemic around the globe. The demands also are everlasting during other microbial respiratory infections. The yield of oxygen using conventional molecular zeolites in the traditional oxygen concentrator process is less than the yield noticed when its nano-form is used. Nanotechnology has enlightened hope for the efficient production of oxygen by such oxygen concentrators. Here in the current review work, the authors have highlighted the basic structural features of oxygen concentrators along with the current working principle. Besides, it has been tried to bridge the gap between conventional oxygen concentrators and advanced ones by using nanotechnology. Nanoparticles being usually within 100 nm in size have a high surface area to volume ratio, which makes them suitable adsorbents for oxygen. Here authors have suggested the use of nano zeolite in place of molecular zeolites in the oxygen concentrator for efficient delivery of oxygen by the oxygen concentrators

Development of a mathematical model to determine optimum hollowness in layered cylindrical hollow rolling element using FE analysis

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a mathematical model to determine optimum hollowness of a layered cylindrical hollow rolling element when it contacts with a flat plate.Design/methodology/approachIn this work, finite element analysis (FEA) is carried out for different hollowness percentages ranging from 10 to 90 layered cylindrical hollow rolling elements corresponding to five standard NU 22 series bearings, i.e. 2206, 2210, 2215, 2220 and 2224. An experimental investigation is carried out for the NU 2206-layered cylindrical hollow roller bearing (LCHRB) at optimum hollowness under static loading condition.FindingsDifferent parameters, such as bending stress (von Mises stress at the bore of the roller), von Mises stress, contact pressure and deflection in loaded contact are presented here.Originality/valueThe value of this research work is the development of a generalized solution that can be used to find the exact value of optimum hollowness for the layered cylindrical hollow rolling element, which is dependent on the yield strength of the material and the geometry of the roller under static loading condition. A static load test rig is designed to observe the load carrying capacity of the LCHRB as compared to the hollow cylindrical roller bearing.</jats:sec

A finite element analysis of an elastic contact between a layered cylindrical hollow roller and flat contact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a finite element analysis (FEA) which shows the comparison between a layered cylindrical hollow roller bearing and hollow roller bearing. Design/methodology/approach In this work, FEA is carried out to solve the elastic contact between a layered cylindrical hollow roller and flat contact for different hollowness percentages ranging from 10 to 80 per cent. Graphical solution is developed to determine the optimum hollowness of a cylindrical roller bearing for which induced bending stress should be within endurance limit of the material. Findings Different parameters such as von Mises stress, contact pressure, contact width and deformation are shown here. Originality/value The value of this research work is the calculation of contact width and other parameters using FEA for layered cylindrical hollow roller bearing. </jats:sec