Gorenstein objects in the n-Trivial extensions of abelian categories

Given an abelian category, we introduce a categorical concept of (strongly) Gorenstein projective (resp., injective) objects, by defining a new special class of objects. Then we study the transfer of these properties when passing to an abelian category and its n-trivial extension category and also give a characterization of Gorenstein object over it. We give, at the end, applications of this study on the category of modules over an associative ring and triangular matrix rings.Comment: 13 page

Colonialism and the Construction of National Identities: The Case of Eritrea

The starting point of this paper is that, in spite of the common agreement on the relevance of Italian rule on the political and social shaping of Eritrea, little investigation has been carried out to analyse the political, juridical and economical, nature of the colonial system in Eritrea and its impact on Eritrean society. The discussion focuses on the structure and strategies of the colonial state which is identified as a privileged instrument for the analysis and understanding of the colonial experience as it was the colonial state that provided the legal and economic framework for the implementation of colonial policies. In this context special attention is given to the practice of developing alternative juridical and institutional system for the colonial subjects which the author describes as both a key aspect of the development and consolidation of colonial powers and a crucial factor in moulding new identities. The final part discusses the relations between colonial state and local elites. It is in fact a common assumption that one of the main negative consequences of the harsh policies adopted by Italian colonialism in order to frustrate Eritrean aspiration and access to education was the lack of a developed local elite able to bridge Eritrea from colonialism to the post-colonial society. The author suggests that this statement, though correct from a general point of view, might become an unsubstantiated ideological assumption if not put in the appropriate context. It is in fact apparent that, in spite of repressive colonial policies a small and \u201cinformal\u201d Eritrean elite grew up during the 51 years of official Italian colonial rule and many members of this germinal \u201celite\u201d played an important role in post-colonial Eritrea

Religione, conflitti e mutamenti politici: un\u2019analisi comparata del Corno d\u2019Africa

Le rappresentazioni mediatiche delle dinamiche politico-sociali contemporanee nella regione del Corno d'Africa tendono a presentarci scenari nei quali la religione sembrerebbe avere un ruolo centrale nella dialettica politica e in particolare nella sua sua tendenza a una polarizzazione conflittuale, si pensi in proposito alle letture prevalenti dei drammatici conflitti nel Sudan e in Somalia. Sembrerebbe cos\uec emergere prepotentemente una centralit\ue0 del fattore religioso come elemento di polarizzazione dei conflitti e come persistente fattore di richiamo identitario nelle dinamiche politiche del Corno d'Africa. Scopo di questo contributo \ue8 pertanto di analizzare in una prospettiva diacronica e comparata l'interazione tra religioni e processi di trasformazione politica nella regione del Corno d'Africa, evidenziando elementi di similarit\ue0 cos\uec come di specificit\ue0 e cercando cos\uec anche di dare una valutazione generale della validit\ue0 e attualit\ue0 interpretativa della nozione di secolarismo nella storia politica e culturale della regione. Da un punto di vista geografico il presente contributo si concentra prevalentemente sui territori del Corno d'Africa che sono stati parte dei possedimenti coloniali italiani in Africa e che pertanto presentano maggiori elementi di omogeneit\ue0 in relazione alle loro dinamiche di sviluppo storico

From Warriors to Urban Dwellers: Ascaris and the Military Factor in the Urban Development of Colonial Eritrea

In the process of urbanisation experienced by Eritrea, between 1890 and 1941, under Italian colonialism a major role was played by the military component. Military priorities were crucial in determining lines of development in the early colonial urban planning in Eritrea as the criteria of military defensibility, rather than economic or functional priorities, had influenced significantly the main patterns of early colonial settlements in the region. The military factor was also important in determining the nature and extent of the interaction between colonial urban planning and Eritrean society. In this process a major role was played by Eritrean colonial troops, known as ascari. In virtue of their close relation with the colonial authority ascari became a sort of buffer between colonized and colonizers and, therefore, were partially involved in the colonial strategy aimed at reshaping the social and economic landscape of Eritrea. Ascari, were instrumental in the colonial attempt to set up the composite set of relations and strategies which constituted the colonial milieu. Urban history of colonial Eritrea represents one of the ideal subjects for the study of the development of the colonial society into which colonial soldiers were important actors as builders of social and territorial urban spaces

Phased nonlinear finite-element analysis of precracked RC T-beams repaired in shear with CFRP sheets

Phased nonlinear finite-element (FE) analyses were carried out to predict the behavior of precracked reinforced concrete (RC) T-beams repaired in shear with externally bonded (EB) carbon fiber–reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets and subjected to two loading patterns (LPs). Appropriate constitutive relationships were employed to model the behavior of concrete, internal steel reinforcement, EB CFRP reinforcement, and CFRP-to-concrete interface and consequently predict the structural behavior and capture the failure modes of the strengthened beams. Three constitutive models for the behavior of concrete in shear were evaluated, namely, a total strain rotating crack model and two fixed-angle crack models with either constant or variable shear retention factors. The majority of published FE studies have considered rectangular sections that were strengthened before testing. The key feature of the FE models presented in this paper is the use of the phased-analysis technique to model realistically the process of strengthening RC T-beams under load and predict the structural response of the beams to different loading patterns. Furthermore, the paper provides insight into and evaluates the accuracy of the three concrete shear models named above. A detailed comparison between the numerical and experimental results included the shear forces at failure, shear force-deflection curves, crack patterns, failure modes, and strains in the internal steel and external CFRP shear reinforcement. The FE models predicted the experimental shear force capacities and crack patterns with sufficient accuracy but underestimated the postrepair stiffness for the beams subjected to Loading Pattern 1 and overestimated the strain in the CFRP sheets.This work was supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [grant number GR/S55101/01].This is the accepted version of the original publication available at http://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/%28ASCE%29CC.1943-5614.0000341. See also http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?304998. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers

Nonlinear finite element modelling and parametric study of CFRP shear-strengthened prestressed concrete girders

This paper presents a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element (FE) model for prestressed concrete girders strengthened in shear with externally bonded carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) reinforcement. A total strain rotating crack model, where the crack direction changes with the change in the direction of the principal tensile stress, was used for the concrete. In this model, explicit modelling of the concrete shear behaviour after cracking, e.g. via a shear retention parameter, is not required as the crack plane is always a principal plane with no shear stresses. The FE model was validated using experimental results from the literature. An extensive parametric study was carried out to identify the effect of the concrete compressive strength, CFRP width-to-spacing ratio, CFRP thickness, girder effective depth, shear span to effective depth ratio, level of prestress, tendon profile, pre-cracking and CFRP-to-concrete interface model on the predicted shear force capacity. The results suggested that the predicted shear strength enhancement can be significant and increases with the increase in concrete compressive strength, CFRP width-to-spacing ratio, and CFRP thickness but decreases with the increase in girder effective depth and shear span to effective depth ratio.The first author gratefully acknowledges the financial support of KRG.This is the accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061814012872

PENGARUH CORPORATE GOVERNANCE DAN PENGUNGKAPAN CSR (CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY) TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR

This research aims to test the influence of corporate governance and CSR disclosure of manufacturing companies in indonesia. This study uses two variables, independent corporate governance and CSR disclosure, then the value of the company is used as a control variable. The population in this research is the manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia stock exchange by 2015. The sampling method in this research is purposive sampling. Company criteria used is the company that issued the financial data, providing the necessary data related to research companies and variable has a positive equity, so the total number of samples in this research data is 90. After going through the stage of processing of the data, there is the outlier data 9 must be removed from the sample study, so a decent amount of final samples observed i.e. 81 data. Analytical techniques used are multiple regression. The results of the analysis show that variable positive effect corporate governance of the company. CSR disclosure variable positive effect against the value of the company

The response of embedded strain sensors in concrete beams subjected to thermal loading

A wide range of commercially available sensors are frequently used to record the response of civil engineering structures that may be subjected to unexpected loading scenarios, changes of environmental conditions or material deterioration. However, a common problem faced when using these sensors is to distinguish strain changes experienced by the structure due to a temperature change from strain changes that occur due to other causes. Temperature effects on strain sensors are usually accommodated by allowing for temperature effects (temperature compensation); however, there is limited research in the literature that investigates the performance of strain sensor measurements when subjected to temperature change. Understanding the temperature effect on strain sensors will greatly enhance the ability of civil engineers to monitor the performance of structural materials. In this paper, different types of commonly used and advanced strain sensors have been installed in a reinforced concrete beam to measure the thermal strain response of concrete under different temperature conditions. The experimental results demonstrated a 25-30% difference in strain measurements from the different sensors. It is shown in this paper that this difference is due to the combined effects of sensor inaccuracy, uncertainties related to the testing conditions and uncertainties associated with the temperature compensation methods.The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Peter Long, Martin Touhey and the Engineering Structures Laboratory technical staff at University of Cambridge for their assistance through the experimental program. The authors are also grateful to the Cambridge Center for Smart Infrastructure and Construction for supporting this research project.This is the accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061814008642