Pesticides effect on soil microbial ecology and enzyme activity- An overview

In modern agriculture, chemical pesticides are frequently used in agricultural fields to increase crop production. Besides combating insect pests, these insecticides also affect the activity and population of beneficial soil microbial communities. Chemical pesticides upset the activities of soil microbes and thus may affect the nutritional quality of soils. This results in serious ecological consequences. Soil microbes had different response to different pesticides. Soil microbial biomass that plays an important role in the soil ecosystem where they have crucial role in nutrient cycling. It has been reported that field application of glyphosate increased microbial biomass carbon by 17% and microbial biomass nitrogen by 76% in nine soils at 14 days after treatment. The soil microbial biomass C increased significantly upto 30 days in chlorpyrifos as well as cartap hydrochloride treated soil, but thereafter decreased progressively with time. Soil nematodes, earthworms and protozoa are affected by field application rates of the fungicide fenpropimorph and other herbicides. Thus, there is need to assess the effect of indiscriminate use of pesticides on soil microorganisms, affecting microbial activity and soil fertility

India’S Government & Globalization In 21St Century Under Pm Modi

India is emerging as Asian and global player facing the future challenges to international market. China’s outward integration has comparably succeeded in East and Southeast Asia whereas India have the inward looking strategy. Globalisation to on new globalisation Era have begin in 2020 under the supervision of Prime Minister Narendra Modi proper lockdown efficient and effective fiscal measures and timely aided monetary measures of RBI Governor have given a strong foundation for the investment attraction after the withdrawal from China. India’s foreign policy is shaped by five broad factors across the globe. The factors affecting the trade are geographylater with strategic culture. The government reaches the 1000 countries companies in the month of April to have their investment in the nation. Covid -19 is a pandemic but emerged blessing to Indian economy. On the May 12 Indian economy was injected with ₹20 lakh crore (equivalent to 10% of India’s GDP). The announcement was made by PM Narendra Modi with the objective to be tough competition in the global supply chain and to help in empowering the poor, labourers, migrants with the economic aid

The COVID-19 pandemic shows how power produces poverty

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Youth Service Program Participants in Canada: Perceptions on Motivations for Volunteering, Level of Engagement, and Level of Impact

Encouraging young people to be active in their communities and understanding of and responsive to the issues around them, especially through volunteer and service programs, allows these young people to be healthy and empowered citizens, while also generates positive social change for their community and the causes they advocate for. Given that youth volunteerism and youth service have such benefits, the sector has experienced a boost in activities that seek to meaningfully engage youth and create impact. Likewise, research has also adapted to provide a stream of current, science-based strategies, opportunities, and reflections to the program designers, funders, policymakers, etc., who guide the sector. However, young people and their experiences are still comparably excluded from the discourse. This thesis seeks to amplify the youth perspective by focusing on their motivations, interactions with program design qualities, and self-perceived impact. These objectives are explored through the following research questions: (1) why are young people in Canada participating in youth service programs; (2) what characteristics of the youth service programs are reflective of the young people’s personal motivations to apply; (3) how is the affinity between reasons for service and chosen programs significant for the young participants’ self-assessment of impact across different levels; and, (4) are there any patterns between personal motivations and program qualities? Youth perspectives were explored via responses to a survey and interview obtained from participants of current youth service programs in Canada after they had completed their respective program. The research methodology and partners, namely Canadian Wildlife Federation, Ocean Wise, and YMCA Canada, who administered the six youth service programs that were studied in this thesis, were adopted from the University of Waterloo’s Youth and Innovation Project. A total of 11 motivations to volunteer are discussed, with ‘advance personally and/or professionally’ and ‘engage in social connections’ identified as the top two motivations within this dataset. Out of the 10 literature-based program design components, ‘high degree of youth involvement’ is found to be the prominent across the six service programs. Using a four-pronged scale to measure impact across four levels, i.e., on the volunteer, on the organization, on the community, and on the issue, ‘extremely positive’ and ‘somewhat positive’ are the most applicable ratings on the community level and individual and issue level, respectively. This thesis reimagines several existing concepts within the literature of youth volunteerism by bringing together motivations, program design, and impact in one study, synthesizing primary, secondary, and inductive motivations, and using a simplistic rating system to examine impact. While the main objective of this thesis is to highlight youth experience in the discussion, this study also aims to meet several literary and practical gaps by generating ideas for future areas of studies and a set of recommendations for providers of service programs

Urinary tract infection in women of rural population of Haryana: a rising problem

Background: The study was aimed to understand the clinico-pathological characteristics of urinary tract infection along with the techniques used in diagnosis and treatment of the presenting infection. The study takes into consideration the various risk factors such as age, marital, socioeconomic status which influences the risk of having UTI.Methods: The study was conducted in Adesh Medical College, Mohri district. A questionnaire was prepared in accordance to evaluate risk factors of urinary tract infection. The patients under study were chosen according to specific inclusion criteria. The patients presenting with symptoms of UTI were subjected to examination and then urine culture and sensitivity test. The uropathogens were isolated with the help of biochemical testing.Results: Out of 500 women who atteneded gynae opd of Adesh Medical College, Mohri district were taken into study out of 500 patients 296 patients showed positive culture. UTI was found more in married females which were illiterate and belonged to low socioeconomic group. E.coli was the most common organism which was cultured. E.coli (55%) was found to be the most prevalent organism followed by Klebsiella.Conclusions: UTIs are some of the most common bacterial infections in women. Women with UTI need to be properly investigated by urinalysis and urine culture. Marital status, socioeconomic status has high impact on the lifetime risk for UTI. E.coli was found to be the most common cause of UTI in all the age groups

Intrathecal Dexmedetomidine Vs Intravenous Dexmedetomidine as Prophylaxis of Post-Spinal Anesthesia Shivering in Urologic Endoscopic Surgery – A Randomized Prospective Trial

Background: In the realm of urologic endoscopic surgery, which frequently encompasses procedures conducted under spinal anesthesia, the identification of efficacious strategies to mitigate the occurrence of post-spinal anesthesia shivering (PSAS) holds paramount significance. The use of dexmedetomidine, a pharmaceutical drug that acts as an α2-adrenergic agonist, has become increasingly popular in the prevention of postoperative shivering and anaesthesia- induced shivering, both in intrathecal and intravenous route. The main aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy and safety of intrathecal dexmedetomidine in comparison to intravenous dexmedetomidine as a preventive measure against postoperative shivering and anaesthesia - induced shivering (PSAS) in urologic endoscopic surgery. Methods: This randomized double blind study was carried out in patients posted for elective urologic endoscopic surgeries under spinal anaesthesia. A total of 60 patients were enrolled and arbitrarily split up into 2 groups: Group A and B. Spinal block was administered in both group under standard protocol. Group A received Intrathecal 10mcg dexmedetomidine(0.1ml) + hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5%(3ml) and intravenous 10ml saline immediately after block over 10min, Group B was given Intrathecal 0.1ml saline + hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine(3ml) and intravenous 0.75mcg/kg dexmedetomidine in 10ml saline immediately after block over 10min. Onset and duration of motor and sensory blockade, shivering incidence and scores, hemodynamic variables were recorded Results: The present study demonstrates a notable decrease in the occurrence of post-spinal shivering at 15, 30, and 45 minutes among patients in the GROUP A as opposed to those in GROUP B (P=0.03 at 15mins, P=0.03 at 30mins, P=0.001 at 45mins). The incidence of shivering in group A was 12/30 patients(40%) compared with group B 23/30 patients(76%). The mean duration of the sensory and motor block of patients in GROUP A(208.67±14.98 mins and 180.07 ±13.06 mins) was more as compared to GROUP B(194.40±18.62 mins and 168.20±19.90 mins) and there was a significant difference between GROUP A and GROUP B(P=0.002 sensory block and P=0.008 motor block). There was no significant difference in hemodynamic variables between both groups. Conclusion: We concluded that intrathecal dexmedetomidine has superior efficacy in controlling post-spinal shivering in immediate postoperative phase compared to intravenous route with no significant adverse effects

Comparative study of sFlt-1/Plgf ratio with uterine artery doppler indices in prediction of preeclampsia at 22-24 weeks period of gestation

Background: Hypertensive disorders like pre-eclampsia along with hemorrhage and infection, contributes greatly to maternal morbidity and mortality. Various pro and antiangiogenic factors like sFlt-1 and Plgf have been linked to the etiopathogenesis of placental vascular disease and their combination with uterine artery doppler studies may improve the prediction accuracy. Present study was conducted to analyze sFlt-1/Plgf ratio and uterine artery doppler indices among high risk patients and to compare these in prediction of preeclampsia.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from September 2017 to February 2019 in which 100 patients giving consent and satisfying inclusion criteria were evaluated for various risk factors and were subjected to sFlt-1/Plgf ratio test and uterine artery doppler study at 22-24 weeks period of gestation. They were followed up and maternal outcome was analysed.Results: Among the cohort of 100 women with high risk factors, 35% of the study participants developed pre-eclampsia. Using sFlt-1/Plgf ratio 40% of them were screened positive for pre-eclampsia. This percentage of screened positive was 40%, 43%, and 53% using uterine artery RI, PI, and SD respectively. sFlt-1/Plgf was found to have a sensitivity of 91.4% and specificity of 87.7%. ROC curve analysis showed highest area under curve (AUC) for sFlt-1/Plgf (0.858).Conclusions: sFlt-1/Plgf ratio was found to be a better predictable biomarker than uterine artery Doppler indices in prediction of pre-eclampsia at 22-24 weeks period of gestation

Sustainable development through diversifying pathways in India

From groundwater depletion to toxic air pollution, modernising development pathways are linked with grave unsustainability challenges, as they extend the unbridled extraction of “goods” from nature while carelessly dumping back the “bads.” To move beyond this and to realise sustainable development, plural pathways may be required in each field, be it agriculture or housing. As outcomes of struggles for democracy and sustainability, these diversifying pathways may be structured around caring and cooperative (human–nature) relations

Sterile water injection labour analgesia in a parturient with preeclampsia with thrombocytopenia

Pregnancy induced hypertension is one of the most common causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. A G2L1A1 female with period of gestation 36 weeks presented in our hospital with early labour pains. She was a known case of pregnancy induced hypertension with thrombocytopenia and had been operated on the lumbar spine for Potts spine. She was administered intradermal sterile water injection labour analgesia every 3 hours. The labour was uneventful and patient had a normal vaginal delivery of a male baby. The postnatal course was uneventful and patient was satisfied with the labour analgesia

The transpeptidase PbpA and non-canonical transglycosylase RodA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis play important roles in regulating bacterial cell lengths

The cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a complex structure that protects the pathogen in hostile environments. Peptidoglycan (PG), which helps determine the morphology of the cell envelope, undergoes substantial remodeling under stress. This meshwork of linear chains of sugars, crosslinked through attached peptides, is generated through the sequential action of enzymes termed transglycosylases and transpeptidases. The Mtb genome encodes two classical transglycosylases and four transpeptidases, the functions of which are not fully elucidated. Here, we present work on the yet uncharacterized transpeptidase PbpA and a non-classical transglycosylase RodA. We elucidate their roles in regulating in vitro growth and in vivo survival of pathogenic mycobacteria. We find that RodA and PbpA are required for regulating cell length, but do not affect mycobacterial growth. Biochemical analyses show PbpA to be a classical transpeptidase, while RodA is identified to be a member of an emerging class of non-canonical transglycosylases. Phosphorylation of RodA at T463 modulates its biological function. In a guinea pig infection model, RodA and PbpA are found to be required for both, bacterial survival as well as formation of granuloma structures, thus underscoring the importance of these proteins in mediating mycobacterial virulence in the host. Our results emphasize the fact that while redundant enzymes likely compensate for the absence of RodA or PbpA during in vitro growth, the two proteins play critical roles for the survival of the pathogen inside its host