Necessary Optimality Conditions for Continuous-Time Optimization Problems with Equality and Inequality Constraints

The paper is devoted to obtain first and second order necessary optimality conditions for continuous-time optimization problems with equality and inequality constraints. A full rank type regularity condition along with an uniform implicit function theorem are used in order to establish such necessary conditions.Comment: 20 page

Exploração do Trabalho Infantil no Brasil: Consequências e Reflexões

O presente artigo procura alertar sobre os impactos negativos da inserção ocupacional precoce para o desenvolvimento humano (medido em nível de escolaridade) e produtivo do indivíduo (medido em termos de salário e condição de ocupação). Para tal, utilizaram-se informações colhidas nos microdados da PNAD de 1995 e 2005. A analise descritiva mostra que, apesar da relativa melhoria no que se refere ao retardamento da entrada do indivíduo no mercado de trabalho, o trabalho infantil é um fenômeno social ainda presente no Brasil e que atinge com maior intensidade e de forma discriminatória as regiões menos desenvolvidas. Por sua vez, a analise quantitativa comprova que o adiamento do ingresso ocupacional é fator decisivo na elevação da escolaridade, no salário recebido e no tipo de ocupação desempenhada na fase adulta.Inserção ocupacional, Trabalho infantil, Educação, Salário

Abordagem à música e ao movimento como estratégia para o desenvolvimento de competências nas crianças

Mestrado (PES II), Educação Pré-escolar e Ensino do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, 20 de Maio de 2015, Universidade dos Açores.Com o presente relatório de estágio pretende-se relatar, de uma forma geral, muitos do momentos vivenciados nos nossos estágios, tanto na educação pré-escolar como no ensino do 1º ciclo do ensino básico, sobretudo os momentos referentes ao trabalho realizado na temática escolhida: "Abordagem à Música e ao Movimento como Estratégia para o Desenvolvimento de Competências nas Crianças". Os dois estágios desenvolveram-se no âmbito das unidades curriculares de Prática Educativa Supervisionada I e II, integradas no plano de estudos do Mestrado em Educação Pré-Escolar e Ensino do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico do Departamento de Ciências de Educação da Universidade dos Açores. Este documento encontra-se organizado em três grandes partes, iniciando-se com um enquadramento teórico, quer da formação do educador/professor quer da temática aprofundada, seguindo-se da análise e reflexão do percurso formativo realizado nos estágios pedagógicos, onde se contemplou a perceção de educadores e professores sobre da relevância da abordagem à música e ao movimento em contexto, fruto do estudo realizado. Nas atividades desenvolvidas, no pré-escolar e no 1º CEB, conseguimos explorar muitas das potencialidades da música e do movimento, proporcionando um momento de interdisciplinaridade entre áreas curriculares que, segundo os educadores e professores do nosso estudo, poderão ser potenciadoras de desenvolvimento de competências das crianças na escola.ABSTRACT: This internship report intends to give a general account of some of the moments experienced during our training period, both in pre-school education and in teaching the first cycle of basic education, especially those concerning the work implemented on the chosen topic: "Approach to Music and Movement as a Strategy for the Development of Skills in Children". The two stages were developed in the context of curricular units of Supervised Educational Practice I and II, integrated into the syllabus of the master’s degree in Early Childhood Education and Teaching of the first cycle of basic education, Department of Educational Sciences of the University of the Azores. This document is organized into three parts. The first is a theoretical framework about the vocational training of the educator/teacher and the detailed thematic of the report. The second is an analysis and reflection on the formative journey during the teaching training, in which educators and teachers realised the significance of the approach to music and movement in the school context, as a result of the third part, which was the study. The activities carried out in pre-school and in the first cycle of basic education allowed us to broadly explore the effects of music and movement amongst children, and also provided a moment of interdisciplinarity between curricular areas that may help improve the development of skills in children

Determinantes da duração esperada do emprego urbano e rural no Nordeste brasileiro

This study seeks to examine the determinants of the duration in employment in all Northeastern states of Brazil for the years 1993 and 2003. In order to do so, we used the data from the National Survey per Residence Samples (PNAD) which is done by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), every year. Results obtained by the parametric model showed that the duration of the relationship of employment is higher for men and older workers. With regard to the regional aspect, it was found that residents in the states of Pernambuco and Bahia - precisely those with the highest unemployment rates - have higher turnover when compared to other northeastern states.Duration, urban employment, rural employment., Agribusiness, J23, J64.,

Políticas públicas de ciência, tecnologia e inovação: uma pesquisa empírica da lei de inovação

This paper aims to analyze, from a legal perspective, the public policies of Science, Technology and Innovation offered by the Brazilian government, more specifically, the Innovation Act (Lei de Inovação), in order to verify the effectiveness and impact of this measure for development, in the Brazilian entrepreneurial scene. Through empirical research and comparative method, this research seeks to answer, preliminarily, the following questions: a) What is innovation? b) The State should act in the innovation process?; c) What is the relationship beetween innovation and development?; d) What are the aspects of public policies of Science, Technology and Innovation offered by the Brazilian government made available to entrepreneurs in the Innovation Law? What is the effectiveness and impact of this measure in the Brazilian entrepreneurial scenario? The questioning of the article was analyzed based on the premise that innovation is essential to the development of a society and its economy. Innovation is not only limited to radical ruptures, such as the introduction of smart watches or autonomous cars, but it also covers moderate advances, such as new product specific production methods, new ways of customer service or (re)configuration of bureaucratic procedures in order to speed them up. Thus, innovation is presented from the need to solve problems that citizens, whether entrepreneurs or not, appears in any given moment. An innovative society tends to have a higher quality of life, higher productivity and, consequently, the factors for the nation?s economic growth in which it resides. It turns out that in developing countries, the private sector, that is, entrepreneurs, don't always have the resources, opportunity, know-how and structure to take the risk of investments in Research, Development and Innovation (RD&I) as assumed initially by Schumpeter. These entrepreneurs prefer to license technology from foreign nations or larger companies, which have been tested and proven, rather than take the risk of spending millions of dollars on products, services, innovative processes that do not have the expected profit, or even, doesn't go beyond a mere prototype. Thus, as highlighted by neo-schumpeterians economists, the State presents itself as a key player in these countries, since it has conditions, financial and technical, to stimulate, either through direct measurements, either through indirect measures, innovation. We concluded that Brazil presents advances in this sector and most of public policies managed to have efficacy for entrepreneurs, but it is also necessary institutional changes in the process of receiving these incentives and in its supervision, improving them, so that companies incubated may have the same competitivety of foreign companies

Site selection for reclaimed water infiltration using GIS tools

In the Beira Interior region (Portugal) some sources of water do not present characteristics suitable for some uses due to pollution (namely associated to the discharge of point and nonpoint effluents) or are over-exploited (namely the aquifers). However, the water demand will grow in this region to meet socio-economic activities under development (e.g. the Cova da Beira irrigation plan, irrigation of golf courses and green areas and SPAs, as well as for distribution for human and industrial consumption), which will lead to the search of alternative sources of water. The region is characterized by many disperse urban agglomerates with less than 2,000 inhabitants, where the wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) are mainly ecological systems such as constructed wetlands (CW). In this context, the treated wastewater (reclaimed water) from these ecological treatment systems should be seen as a source of water to be used and not a waste to be eliminated. After a monitoring campaign of two years at the CW system of Vila Fernando (Guarda, Portugal), the characteristics of the final effluent suggest that it could be used for aquifer recharge, not only because it is an area that uses many groundwater resources, but because other uses seem to be not relevant and would require a polishing treatment for the effluent, which would increase the costs of both investment and operation. From 6 thematic maps and environmental, technical and economic criteria, it was selected a study area of 6687 ha. This area was analysed based on the manipulation of complex information using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), which consisted on overlapping areas of exclusion and inclusion from each thematic map and the use of algebraic operations (multi-criteria analysis) to obtain a final Suitable Map that indicated an area of 6.4 ha located in anthrosols as the most favorable ones for the infiltration of reclaimed water.The authors wish to thank the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, through the project PTDC/AMB/73081/2006, for allowing the funding to obtain data for this study

Análise Técnica- um estudo empírico à luz das finanças comportamentais

Este trabalho aprofunda a discussão no campo de estudos da Análise Técnica, alinhando suas premissas ao arcabouço teórico das Finanças Comportamentais. Neste intuito buscou-se realizar, para o período compreendido entre os anos de 2007 e 2008, um estudo empírico do mercado brasileiro de ações à luz da Análise Técnica e das Finanças Comportamentais, bem como verificar o desempenho de indicadores técnicos como instrumento auxiliar para a tomada de decisão. Desta forma, o trabalho encontra-se dividido em duas partes. Na primeira parte, adotando a hipótese de complementaridade das abordagens técnica-comportamental no processo de análise e tomada de decisão no mercado de ações, busca-se estabelecer uma relação entre os pressupostos da Análise Técnica (Teoria Dow e Teoria da Ondas de Elliott) e das Finanças Comportamentais na interpretação da crise subprime no mercado de ações brasileiro, através de uma pesquisa documental com informações referentes aos anos de 2007 e 2008, período de desenvolvimento da crise. Os resultados evidenciaram a utilidade destas teorias, não só para a análise dos reflexos da crise subprime, como, também, para o exame do comportamento dos agentes do mercado financeiro numa perspectiva histórica de maior alcance. Na segunda parte, adotando a hipótese de que os indicadores técnicos são capazes de auxiliar os investidores no processo de tomada de decisão, foram apurados os desempenhos dos indicadores Média Móvel Exponencial, Convergência/Divergência da Média Móvel, Índice de Força Relativa, Estocástico e Sistema Direcional, tomando como base dados do mercado de ações brasileiro referentes ao ano de 2007. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que a Assertividade (A) dos sinais de compra é superior à Assertividade (A) dos sinais de venda, bem como apontaram a inutilidade do Sistema Direcional (SD) enquanto sinalizador da tendência predominante do mercado.