Probiotiske Aliivibrio-arter i atlantisk laks : en ny fremgangsmåte mot Moritella viscosa og lakselus

The Norwegian salmon farming industry is facing major biological challenges. The mortality in the marine phase alone has reached 15-20 % annually. Probiotic bacteria have been implemented in the industry for several years as a preventative tool to mitigate challenges associated with winter ulcers and salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). This thesis investigates the potential effects and mode of action underlying the use of probiotic bacteria from the Aliivibrio genus for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). This was achieved by evaluating the colonization dynamics of administered probiotics in Atlantic salmon, exploring microbial interactions between one of the probiotic Aliivibrio species and Moritella viscosa and finally by using probiotic bacteria to reduce the attachment of salmon lice. As the mechanisms of probiotic bacteria are often related to their presence within the host, I investigated their location in vivo and ex vivo (post-mortem). This was done by submersing Atlantic salmon in a mixture of two probiotic Aliivibrio sp. strains with subsequent samplings of several fish tissues investigated by culture, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) at different time points pre- and post-mortem. Viable probiotic bacteria were reisolated from the skin up to nine months post-administration and from the distal intestine. The probiotic Aliivibrio sp. strains were also detected in skin-muscle samples by qPCR and visualized in both skin-muscle and distal intestine by IHC. Finally, the probiotics were detected in ulcers by culture and IHC. Probiotic Aliivibrio spp. have been associated with reduced winter ulcer prevalence and is now shown to colonize ulcers. I therefore investigated interactions between the probiotic Aliivibrio sp. strain Vl2 and M. viscosa, revealing inhibitory properties of the probiotic strain towards the pathogen in vitro. Supernatant from the broth culture of the Aliivibrio sp. also reduced the M. viscosa-induced damage to CHSE cell cultures. Transcriptomic analysis identified potential mechanisms modulating these antagonistic effects. The research work underlying the last part of this thesis investigated whether the administration of probiotic Aliivibrio species would make the Atlantic salmon a less attractive host to salmon lice. In three trials, I documented up to 65 % reductions in lice attachment associated with the use of probiotic bacteria. Potential mechanisms were investigated in vitro, concluding that the observed lice reduction was likely not due to direct and rapid killing of the lice. The findings presented in this thesis provide valuable insights into various facets regarding the application of probiotic Aliivibrio spp. in Atlantic salmon. Expanding our understanding of this preventative approach is essential for its optimal implementation, and this work may make meaningful contributions to the improvement of fish health within the salmon farming industry.Oppdrettsnæringen står overfor betydelige biologiske utfordringer, med en årlig dødelighet i sjøfasen alene som de siste årene har ligget på 15–20 %. Oppdrettsnæringen har nylig tatt i bruk probiotiske bakterier som et forebyggende verktøy for å redusere helseproblemer knyttet til vintersår og lakselus (Lepeophtheirus salmonis). Målet med denne avhandlingen har vært å undersøke mulige effekter og virkningsmekanismer knyttet til bruken av probiotiske bakterier fra Aliivibrioslekten til atlantisk laks (Salmo salar). Dette ble gjort ved å studere kolonisering av administrerte bakterier, utforske mikrobielle interaksjoner mellom én av de probiotiske artene og Moritella viscosa, samt ved å bruke probiotiske bakterier for å redusere antall lakselus ved infestasjon av atlantisk laks.acceptedVersio

A thesis about how unintended consequences of financial stability regulations together with a declining interest rate, and urbanization affect equity restricted first-time buyer’s ability to buy a dwelling.

Masteroppgave(MSc) in Master of Science in Business, Finance - Handelshøyskolen BI, 2022House prices in Norway have increased during the last 30 years. This price increase may have several causes, including a secular downward trend in interest rates. Some have argued that “higher house prices have made it harder for young households to buy a dwelling” or similar statements. There have also been arguments about the distributional consequences of higher house prices. In this thesis we will investigate whether and under what conditions such statements may be true. To the extent house-price increases have been caused by lower interest rates, we show that the distributional consequences to a large degree may be due to unintended consequences of financial-stability measures such as loan-to-income ratios and equity requirements. We then empirically estimate whether house price changes in different areas have been due to decreasing interest rates or other factors such as urbanization. With these results we will get a better understanding of the distributional consequences of changes in house prices

”Vold? Nei, det vet jeg ikke mye om…” : Ulike definisjoner av helsearbeiders rolle i forhold til vold mot kvinner i asylmottak.

Denne oppgaven er et resultat av deltakelse i et større prosjekt om vold mot kvinner i asylmottak, i regi av Amnesty International. Mitt hovedfokus har vært på helsearbeidere som jobber i asylmottak. Jeg har sett på hvordan helsearbeiderne definerer sin egen rolle i forhold til avdekking og forebygging av vold, og hvordan deres rolle blir definert av andre sentrale aktører, som ledere i mottak og Migrahel (faggruppe for helsearbeidere i asylmottak), i tillegg til skriftelige styringsdokumenter fra Utlendingsdirektoratet (UDI) og Veileder fra Helse- og Sosialdirektoratet. Sentrale problemstillinger i denne masteroppgaven har vært: Hvordan blir helsearbeidernes rolle i avdekkingen og forebyggingen av vold beskrevet? Eksisterer det spenninger mellom de ulike måtene å definere helsearbeidernes rolle på? Hvilke konsekvenser får dette for avdekkingen og forebyggingen av vold mot kvinner i norske asylmottak? Vold mot kvinner generelt har et omfang som gjør det til et alvorlig samfunnsproblem. Dette er et felt preget av motstand mot kunnskap. Kunnskapen er smertefull, det kan være ubehagelig for hjelper å vedkjenne seg realiteten, hvilket kan føre til et behov for å skape avstand. Feltet er preget av tabu og skam, volden skal ikke forekomme, og dersom den forekommer skal den ikke formidles. Tabu pålegger både hjelper og den utsatte å late som at volden ikke skjer. Dette skaper taushet. Kunnskapen om vold regnes som provoserende og farlig kunnskap, fordi den berører grunnleggende spørsmål om makt, seksualitet og undertrykking. I arbeidet med å forebygge og bekjempe vold, er det en forutsetning at man erkjenner denne kunnskapen. En viktig målsetting med denne masteroppgaven har vært å kunne bidra med kunnskap om vold mot kvinner i asylmottak, dens egenart og dens komplekse virkninger. Vold og angst for vold er en alvorlig trussel mot mange kvinners helse. Når menn utsettes for vold er det som regel utenfor hjemmet, og volden er som regel en enkeltstående hendelse. Kvinner derimot, skades hjemme, og overgriperen er som regel kjent for henne. Å leve med vold og overgrep over tid rammer den utsatte på alle livets områder, både det psykiske, 7 fysiske og sosiale planet. Jeg har i denne oppgaven bare hatt fokus på det psykiske helsearbeidet som blir gjort i asylmottak. Beskrivelsene til helsearbeiderne har jeg delt inn i fem kategorier, som jeg har valgt å kalle: - Helsearbeidere med stor avstand til beboerne - Helsearbeidere og deres tilgjengelighet - Dikotomien oss og de andre - De andre har volden med seg - Volden har aldri blitt tematisert Videre i oppgaven analyserte jeg intervjuer med ledere i mottak, Migrahel, og til slutt de skriftelige dokumentene helsearbeiderne har å forholde seg til. De ulike analysene ble til slutt sammenlignet, og jeg så hvilke konsekvenser den sammenhengende analysen til slutt fikk for de voldsutsatte kvinnene i mottak. Analysene viser at det eksisterer spenninger mellom de ulike definisjonene av helsearbeiders rolle i forhold til vold og overgrep mot kvinner. Helsearbeiders rolle i forhold til vold og overgrep mot kvinnelige beboere er uklar og vagt definert av de ulike aktørene (både informantene og de skriftlige dokumentene). Dette resulterer i svært ulik rolleforståelse hos helsearbeiderne. Deres rolle blir preget av annengjøring av de kvinnelige beboerne og beskrivelser av avmakt blir tydelige. Dette får til slutt konsekvenser for de kvinnelige beboerne som fortsatt må leve i redsel og frykt for nye overgrep.This master thesis is a result of the participation in a larger project undertaken by Amnesty International on the topic of violence and abuse directed towards women in Norwegian reception centres. The health workers in reception centres are the main focus of this investigation. I have studied how the health workers define their own role with respect to uncovering and preventing violence, and the health workers’ role as defined by other key stakeholders, such as reception centre manager and Migrahel (forum for migration health), as well as white papers from the Norwegian Directorate of Immigration and published guidelines from the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs. The objective of this master thesis is to establish how the health workers' role in uncovering and preventing violence is defined by themselves and by the relevant stakeholders. Furthermore, to establish to which extent the different definitions create tensions between the stakeholders and what the consequences are for the effective uncovering and prevention of violence against women in Norwegian Reception Centres. Acts of violence committed against women is a serious social problem due to its extent, and there is an inherent resistance to further knowledge in the field. Knowledge in this context is painful to bear, and the reality may be too disquieting to take in, which may lead to a need for the health workers to distance themselves from it. This research field is characterised by taboos and by shame; acts of violence are not supposed to take place and when they do there is a quiet understanding that it should be covered up and not be communicated. The taboos impose on both the victim and the health workers a tendency to pretend that the violence does not exist, creating silent victims and carers. Because it touches on fundamental questions regarding power, sex and oppression, knowledge about violence is considered provoking and dangerous. In the effort to prevent and to crack down on violence it is a prerequisite that the knowledge is spread to and accepted by everyone involved. One important objective of this master thesis has been to contribute to the knowledge base on the topic of violence against women in reception centres, its unique aspects and complex implications. Violence and the fear of being a victim of violence represent a serious threat to many women’s health. When men are the victims of violence this typically happens outside of the home, and each act of violence is a detached and unconnected incident. Women, on the other 9 hand, typically experience violence at home and the aggressor is someone she knows. Continuously living with violence and abuse will sooner or later impact all aspects of ones existence, be it physical, psychological or social. In this investigation I have chosen to focus on the mental health care provided in reception centres. From my interviews with the health workers I have distinguished the following five categories of experiences, defined by the way the health workers’ role in preventing violence is perceived: Health workers and their availability, Health workers who have distanced themselves from the users, the Dichotomy between us and “the others”, Violence is inherent in “the others” and Violence has never been a topic. Next, I have analysed interviews with reception centre managers, Migrahel and finally the written documentation which acts as guidelines for the health workers. Finally, the different analyses were compared, and put into context to deduce the implications for women experiencing violence and abuse in reception centres. The analysis demonstrates that there are tensions resulting from the different definitions of a health worker’s role with respect to violence and abuse against women. The role is in fact not clear and only vaguely defined by the different stakeholders (both by the interviewees and in the literature used). The result is health workers with a very disparate understanding of their own role, often leading to an alienation of the women they are there to care for. Sentiments of apathy transpire in the health workers’ accounts. Eventually, the consequence of these processes is a status quo; the women in reception centres still lead their lives in fear of continued acts of violence and abuse.Master i sosialt arbei

”Vold? Nei, det vet jeg ikke mye om…” : Ulike definisjoner av helsearbeiders rolle i forhold til vold mot kvinner i asylmottak.

Master i sosialt arbeidDenne oppgaven er et resultat av deltakelse i et større prosjekt om vold mot kvinner i asylmottak, i regi av Amnesty International. Mitt hovedfokus har vært på helsearbeidere som jobber i asylmottak. Jeg har sett på hvordan helsearbeiderne definerer sin egen rolle i forhold til avdekking og forebygging av vold, og hvordan deres rolle blir definert av andre sentrale aktører, som ledere i mottak og Migrahel (faggruppe for helsearbeidere i asylmottak), i tillegg til skriftelige styringsdokumenter fra Utlendingsdirektoratet (UDI) og Veileder fra Helse- og Sosialdirektoratet. Sentrale problemstillinger i denne masteroppgaven har vært: Hvordan blir helsearbeidernes rolle i avdekkingen og forebyggingen av vold beskrevet? Eksisterer det spenninger mellom de ulike måtene å definere helsearbeidernes rolle på? Hvilke konsekvenser får dette for avdekkingen og forebyggingen av vold mot kvinner i norske asylmottak? Vold mot kvinner generelt har et omfang som gjør det til et alvorlig samfunnsproblem. Dette er et felt preget av motstand mot kunnskap. Kunnskapen er smertefull, det kan være ubehagelig for hjelper å vedkjenne seg realiteten, hvilket kan føre til et behov for å skape avstand. Feltet er preget av tabu og skam, volden skal ikke forekomme, og dersom den forekommer skal den ikke formidles. Tabu pålegger både hjelper og den utsatte å late som at volden ikke skjer. Dette skaper taushet. Kunnskapen om vold regnes som provoserende og farlig kunnskap, fordi den berører grunnleggende spørsmål om makt, seksualitet og undertrykking. I arbeidet med å forebygge og bekjempe vold, er det en forutsetning at man erkjenner denne kunnskapen. En viktig målsetting med denne masteroppgaven har vært å kunne bidra med kunnskap om vold mot kvinner i asylmottak, dens egenart og dens komplekse virkninger. Vold og angst for vold er en alvorlig trussel mot mange kvinners helse. Når menn utsettes for vold er det som regel utenfor hjemmet, og volden er som regel en enkeltstående hendelse. Kvinner derimot, skades hjemme, og overgriperen er som regel kjent for henne. Å leve med vold og overgrep over tid rammer den utsatte på alle livets områder, både det psykiske, 7 fysiske og sosiale planet. Jeg har i denne oppgaven bare hatt fokus på det psykiske helsearbeidet som blir gjort i asylmottak. Beskrivelsene til helsearbeiderne har jeg delt inn i fem kategorier, som jeg har valgt å kalle: - Helsearbeidere med stor avstand til beboerne - Helsearbeidere og deres tilgjengelighet - Dikotomien oss og de andre - De andre har volden med seg - Volden har aldri blitt tematisert Videre i oppgaven analyserte jeg intervjuer med ledere i mottak, Migrahel, og til slutt de skriftelige dokumentene helsearbeiderne har å forholde seg til. De ulike analysene ble til slutt sammenlignet, og jeg så hvilke konsekvenser den sammenhengende analysen til slutt fikk for de voldsutsatte kvinnene i mottak. Analysene viser at det eksisterer spenninger mellom de ulike definisjonene av helsearbeiders rolle i forhold til vold og overgrep mot kvinner. Helsearbeiders rolle i forhold til vold og overgrep mot kvinnelige beboere er uklar og vagt definert av de ulike aktørene (både informantene og de skriftlige dokumentene). Dette resulterer i svært ulik rolleforståelse hos helsearbeiderne. Deres rolle blir preget av annengjøring av de kvinnelige beboerne og beskrivelser av avmakt blir tydelige. Dette får til slutt konsekvenser for de kvinnelige beboerne som fortsatt må leve i redsel og frykt for nye overgrep.This master thesis is a result of the participation in a larger project undertaken by Amnesty International on the topic of violence and abuse directed towards women in Norwegian reception centres. The health workers in reception centres are the main focus of this investigation. I have studied how the health workers define their own role with respect to uncovering and preventing violence, and the health workers’ role as defined by other key stakeholders, such as reception centre manager and Migrahel (forum for migration health), as well as white papers from the Norwegian Directorate of Immigration and published guidelines from the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs. The objective of this master thesis is to establish how the health workers' role in uncovering and preventing violence is defined by themselves and by the relevant stakeholders. Furthermore, to establish to which extent the different definitions create tensions between the stakeholders and what the consequences are for the effective uncovering and prevention of violence against women in Norwegian Reception Centres. Acts of violence committed against women is a serious social problem due to its extent, and there is an inherent resistance to further knowledge in the field. Knowledge in this context is painful to bear, and the reality may be too disquieting to take in, which may lead to a need for the health workers to distance themselves from it. This research field is characterised by taboos and by shame; acts of violence are not supposed to take place and when they do there is a quiet understanding that it should be covered up and not be communicated. The taboos impose on both the victim and the health workers a tendency to pretend that the violence does not exist, creating silent victims and carers. Because it touches on fundamental questions regarding power, sex and oppression, knowledge about violence is considered provoking and dangerous. In the effort to prevent and to crack down on violence it is a prerequisite that the knowledge is spread to and accepted by everyone involved. One important objective of this master thesis has been to contribute to the knowledge base on the topic of violence against women in reception centres, its unique aspects and complex implications. Violence and the fear of being a victim of violence represent a serious threat to many women’s health. When men are the victims of violence this typically happens outside of the home, and each act of violence is a detached and unconnected incident. Women, on the other 9 hand, typically experience violence at home and the aggressor is someone she knows. Continuously living with violence and abuse will sooner or later impact all aspects of ones existence, be it physical, psychological or social. In this investigation I have chosen to focus on the mental health care provided in reception centres. From my interviews with the health workers I have distinguished the following five categories of experiences, defined by the way the health workers’ role in preventing violence is perceived: Health workers and their availability, Health workers who have distanced themselves from the users, the Dichotomy between us and “the others”, Violence is inherent in “the others” and Violence has never been a topic. Next, I have analysed interviews with reception centre managers, Migrahel and finally the written documentation which acts as guidelines for the health workers. Finally, the different analyses were compared, and put into context to deduce the implications for women experiencing violence and abuse in reception centres. The analysis demonstrates that there are tensions resulting from the different definitions of a health worker’s role with respect to violence and abuse against women. The role is in fact not clear and only vaguely defined by the different stakeholders (both by the interviewees and in the literature used). The result is health workers with a very disparate understanding of their own role, often leading to an alienation of the women they are there to care for. Sentiments of apathy transpire in the health workers’ accounts. Eventually, the consequence of these processes is a status quo; the women in reception centres still lead their lives in fear of continued acts of violence and abuse

Høyvekstbedrifter og regionale finansieringssystemer

The purpose of the thesis is to increase understanding of the impact of financial institutions on regional growth. It helps to develop established concepts and perceptions on the impact of financial institutions on economic development in less well-functioning regions. Agglomeration theory is based on a general assumption of a reduced likelihood of economic cooperation through increased geographical distance. This study analyzes whether high-growth firms in less central regions have poorer access to risk capital. Three concepts are central to the thesis: financing, high-growth firms and centrality. Financing, because capital is a necessary prerequisite for entrepreneurship and an important part of the innovation system, high-growth firms because they are important for employment and the country's competitiveness, and centrality because the financial system in less central areas is generally not as well developed as in larger agglomerations. Risk capital is ordinarily defined as venture capital. In this study, risk capital is also defined as high-risk loans without security, granted to innovative high-growth firms. In this manner one includes the entire supply-side when one considers the geographical capital gap. The study looks at funding issues in general for high-growth firms and how the financial system in less well-functioning regions such as Innlandet works. The findings can be summarized as follows: Although the capital markets do not work perfectly, high-growth firms encounter few financing obstacles, regardless of location. Furthermore, banks are an important source of risk capital for high-growth firms in Innlandet, particularly the savings banks. The study confirms that geographical proximity is important for developing social proximity and trust between bank and business, thereby reducing information asymmetry. The banks' appetite for risk must be considered in light of the savings banks' purpose and history. Their appetite for risk is explained by the regional added value benefits. These benefits, in addition to the corporate financial returns, mean that as a whole it is rational for the banks to provide such financing. The main conclusion is that the reason for few high-growth firms in less efficient regions such as Innlandet is probably to only a minor degree due to lack of risk capital. One important explanation is local banks. Regional development would probably be even worse without these institutions

Analyse av muggvekstrisiko i trebjelkelagets kantbjelke

Anslagsvis kan 75 prosent av alle byggskader relateres til fukt og vann. Fukt bidrar blant annet til gode vekstbetingelser for muggsopp, som er den viktigste negative helsefaktoren i innemiljøet. Etasjeskillere i trebjelkelag, med overgang til yttervegg, gir utfordringer knyttet til fukt og muggvekst. Den tradisjonelle utførelsen fører til at fuktig inneluft kan diffundere ut i bjelkelaget, og kondensere i møte med kantbjelken. Dette bidrar til gode muggvekstbetingelser. Studien undersøker hvordan en etasjeskiller mellom oppvarmede rom kan utføres så fuktsikker som mulig, med hensyn til reduksjon av muggvekstrisiko i kantbjelken. Innledningsvis ble det gjennomført sju semistrukturerte intervjuer som kartla erfaringer fra bransjen. I tillegg ble de brukt til å bestemme data som var aktuelle for å belyse problemstillingen videre i en parameterstudie. Parameterstudien undersøkte 135 parametervariasjoner fordelt på to konstruksjoner. Parametervariasjonene ble simulert i programmet WUFI 2D, med påfølgende muggindeksberegninger i WUFI Mould Index VTT. Resultatene tilsier at muggvekstrisikoen i kantbjelken er reell. Observasjoner hos informanter tyder på kondensproblemer knyttet til et uteklima som er fuktig og kaldt, men ikke der det er tørrere og varmere. Vanskeligheter med å oppdage fuktproblemer i kantbjelken blir påpekt av samtlige informanter og begrunnes med konstruksjonens utilgjengelighet. Parameterstudien bekrefter til en viss grad observasjonene, og indikerer muggvekstrisiko i de fleste beregningstilfellene. Muggvekstrisikoen påvirkes i størst grad av parameterkombinasjoner som bidrar til perioder med temperaturer høyere 5 C og relativ luftfuktighet høyere enn 95 prosent. I en etasjeskiller er det viktig å redusere fukttransport ut mot kantbjelken, samtidig som konstruksjonen har uttørkingsmuligheter. Dette oppnås ved å bruke et dampåpent kantbjelkemateriale, eksempelvis en 18 mm OSB-plate, som trekkes inn 5 cm. Ved å bruke et vertikalt sperresjikt inntil kantisolasjonen i tillegg, vil risikoen for muggvekst trolig reduseres til et akseptabelt nivå. Det vertikale sperresjiktet kan både være en type kubbing eller en dampbrems.As much as an estimated 75 percent of all building damage is related to moisture and water. Moisture contributes, among other things, to good growth conditions for mold, which is the most important negative health factor in indoor environments. Structural floors in wood-frame houses, with a transition to the outer wall, present challenges related to moisture and mold growth. The traditional design means that moist indoor air can diffuse into the structure, and condense in contact with the edge beam. This contributes to good mold growth conditions. This study investigates how structural floors between heated rooms can be made as moisture-proof as possible in order to reduce the risk of mold growth in the edge beam. Initially, seven semi-structured interviews were conducted in order to represent experiences from the industry. In addition, the interviews were used to showcase the problem in a parametric study. The parametric study elucidated 135 parameter variations divided into two constructions. The parameter variations were simulated in the WUFI 2D application, with subsequent mold index calculations in WUFI Mold Index VTT. The results indicate that the risk of mold growth in the edge beam is real. Observations by informants indicate condensation problems associated with an outdoor climate that is humid and cold, but not where it is drier and warmer. Difficulties in detecting moisture problems in the edge beam are pointed out by all informants and are justified by the inaccessibility of the construction. The parametric study confirms the observations to a certain extent, and indicates the risk of mold growth in most calculation cases. The risk of mold growth is affected to the greatest extent by parameter combinations that contribute to periods with temperatures above 5 C and relative humidity higher than 95 percent. Within structural floors in wood-frame houses, it is important to reduce moisture transport towards the edge beam. At the same time the construction should support transportation of air to keep the humidity as low as possible. This is achieved by using a non-vapor resistant edge beam material, for example an 18 mm OSB board, which is retracted 5 cm. By using an additional vertical barrier layer next to the edge beam insulation, the risk of mold growth will most likely be reduced to an acceptable level. The vertical barrier layer can either be a type of bridging or a vapor retarder

Faktorer som påvirker oppdateringen av folkehelseoversikten i norske kommuner

Bakgrunn: Folkehelseloven pålegger alle norske kommuner å utarbeide og holde en skriftlig folkehelseoversikt oppdatert som beslutningsgrunnlag i plan- og styringssystemet. Tidligere kartlegginger viser variasjoner i hvor langt kommunene har kommet med dette arbeidet, og det mangler kunnskap om hvilke faktorer som faktisk fremmer jevnlig revisjon av oversikten. Formål: Studien undersøker hvilke organisatoriske, teknologiske og strukturelle forhold som påvirker hvor ofte norske kommuner oppdaterer folkehelseoversikten. Metode: En landsdekkende undersøkelse ble sendt ut til alle 357 kommuner våren 2024 av Menon Economics, på vegne av Akershus fylkeskommune og åtte andre kommuner. Dette er datagrunnlaget for oppgaven. Totalt 169 kommuner (47 %) svarte. Oppdateringsfrekvens (0 - ³ 5 revisjoner siden 2012) ble analysert med enkel og multippel lineær regresjon mot fire forklaringsvariabler: tverrsektorielt samarbeid, tverrsektorielt bidrag, bruk av digitale verktøy og antall kunnskapskilder. Befolkning, sentralitet og økonomiske indikatorer ble kontrollert for. Hovedfunn: Tverrsektorielt samarbeid hadde den sterkeste positive sammenhengen med oppdateringsfrekvensen (b » 1.35, p < 0.001) og forklarte alene nær halvparten av variansen. Tverrsektorielt bidrag viste også en positiv sammenheng (b » 1.0, p < 0.001), men denne effekten forsvant når alle variabler ble analysert samtidig. Digital støtte (b » 0.87) og antall kunnskapskilder (b » 1.07) var signifikant positivt assosiert med antall oppdateringer. Befolkning, sentralitet og økonomi hadde liten betydning for å forklare antall oppdateringer. Den fullstendige, justerte modellen forklarte om lag 53 % av variasjonen i oppdateringshyppighet. Konklusjon: Hyppige revisjoner av folkehelseoversikten avhenger først og fremst av brede, forpliktende samhandlingsstrukturer og praktisk digital støtte, mer enn av kommunens størrelse, sentralitet eller økonomi. Bidrag fra avdelinger bidrar positivt, men får mindre betydning når samarbeid, teknologi og kunnskapsbredde vurderes samlet. Kommuner som kombinerer tverrsektorielt samarbeid, aktivt bidrag, digital støtte og variert datagrunnlag, står best rustet til å bruke oversikten som et beslutningsverktøy.Background: Norwegian legislation requires every municipality to maintain an up-to-date Public Health Overview (PHO) as the knowledge base for local planning and decisionmaking. Wide variation in compliance has been reported, and the determinants of regular PHO revisions remain unclear. Objective: To identify organizational, technological and structural factors associated with the frequency of PHO updates in Norwegian municipalities. Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional survey was distributed to all 357 municipalities in spring 2024 by Menon Economics, on behalf of Akershus county municipality and eight other municipalities. The dependent variable was the number of PHO revisions since 2012 (0 - ³ 5). Simple and multiple linear regressions assessed associatons with four key predictors – intersectoral collaboration, inter-sectoral contribution, use of digital tools and number of knowledge sources – while controlling for population size, centrality and municipal finances. Main findings: Inter-sectoral collaboration showed the strongest positive association with update frequency (b » 1.35, p < 0.001) and alone explained almost half of the variance. Intersectorial contribution was also positive (b » 1.0, p < 0.001), but lost significance in the fully adjusted model. Digital support (b » 0.87) and knowledge-source breadth (b » 1.07) were also significant, whereas population, centrality and financial indicators were not independently predictive. The full model explained about 53 % of the variance in update frequency. Conclusion: Regular revision of the Public Health Overview depends primarily on robust cross-sectoral working structures and user-friendly digital suppert rather than on municipal size, geography or revenue. Municipalities that establish committed multi-departmental teams, shared data platforms and a diverse evidence base are best positioned to use the PHO as a dynamic governance tool and to advance more equitable health and living conditions

Characterization of ferroelectric domain walls by scanning electron microscopy

Ferroelectric domain walls are a completely new type of functional interface, which have the potential to revolutionize nanotechnology. In addition to the emergent phenomena at domain walls, they are spatially mobile and can be injected, positioned, and deleted on demand, giving a new degree of flexibility that is not available at conventional interfaces. Progress in the field is closely linked to the development of modern microscopy methods, which are essential for studying their physical properties at the nanoscale. In this article, we discuss scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as a powerful and highly flexible imaging technique for scale-bridging studies on domain walls, continuously covering nano- to mesoscopic length scales. We review seminal SEM experiments on ferroelectric domains and domain walls, provide practical information on how to visualize them in modern SEMs, and provide a comprehensive overview of the models that have been proposed to explain the contrast formation in SEM. Going beyond basic imaging experiments, recent examples for nano-structuring and correlated microscopy work on ferroelectric domain walls are presented. Other techniques, such as 3D atom probe tomography, are particularly promising and may be combined with SEM in the future to investigate individual domain walls, providing new opportunities for tackling the complex nanoscale physics and defect chemistry at ferroelectric domain walls.publishedVersion© 2020 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.002928

Innpåkjøp i privat vei ved jordskifte – en studie av utvikling, kompetanse og praksis

Oppgaven omhandler erverv av bruksrett til eksisterende privat vei gjennom jordskifte – ofte omtalt som «innpåkjøp». Etter gjeldende rett kan dette gjennomføres enten som jordskiftesak etter jordskifteloven § 3-9, eller som ekspropriasjon av bruksrett til vei etter vegloven § 53. Jordskifte og ekspropriasjon er ulike prosessformer med ulike sakskostnadsregler. I jordskifte bærer partene egne kostnader til juridisk bistand, mens ved ekspropriasjon må eksproprianten som hovedregel bære motpartens kostnader. Med jordskifteloven av 1979, kombinert med avklaring fra Høyesterett i 1987, fikk jordskifteretten kompetanse til å gjennomføre innpåkjøp som jordskiftesak. Dette tosporede systemet har i ettertid reist prinsipielle spørsmål, særlig knyttet til sakskostnader, og satt forholdet mellom jordskifte og ekspropriasjon på spissen. Denne masteroppgaven undersøker hvordan jordskifterettens kompetanse og praksis ved innpåkjøp i privat vei etter jordskifteloven har utviklet seg fra 1980 til 2025. Sentralt i analysen er Høyesteretts avgjørelse i HR-2025-220-A, hvor Høyesterett avklarte at innpåkjøp var videreført i jordskifteloven av 2013. Videre rettes et blikk fremover, og det forsøkes besvart hvordan innpåkjøp ved jordskifte nå skal behandles. Oppgavens problemstilling lyder: Hvordan har jordskifterettens kompetanse og praksis i saker om innpåkjøp i eksisterende privat vei etter jordskifteloven utviklet seg fra 1980 til 2025, og hvordan skal saker om innpåkjøp nå behandles? Oppgaven bygger på en kombinasjon av juridisk og kvalitativ metode. Det er gjennomført en analyse av relevante deler av jordskiftelovene fra 1979 og 2013, samt et utvalg rettsavgjørelser omhandlende innpåkjøp behandlet ved jordskifte. Høyesteretts avgjørelse fra 2025 er analysert, og med utgangspunkt i denne og annen praksis fra perioden er det gjennomført kvalitative intervjuer med dommere fra jordskiftedomstolene. Funnene viser at kompetansen til innpåkjøp har utviklet seg, og i det vesentlige blitt praktisert gjennom hele perioden. Det oppsto likevel uklarheter i 2016, da ny jordskiftelov trådte i kraft. Synet på sakskostnader er noe delt, men trekker mot at jordskiftelovens regler skal gjelde. Når jordskifte og veiskjønn er alternativer for innpåkjøp, fremheves viktigheten av veiledning, slik at rett spor kan velges ut fra sakens forhold og partenes behov.This thesis addresses the acquisition of rights to use an existing private road through land consolidation proceedings – commonly referred to in Norwegian practice as “innpåkjøp” (literally “buying into”). Under current Norwegian law, such rights may be acquired either through land consolidation pursuant to Section 3-9 of the Land Consolidation Act (jordskifteloven), or through expropriation of road usage rights pursuant to Section 53 of the Roads Act (vegloven). Land consolidation and expropriation represent two distinct procedural frameworks with differing rules on legal costs. In land consolidation cases, each party bears their own legal expenses, whereas in expropriation cases, the expropriating party is usually responsible for the other party’s legal costs. With the adoption of the 1979 Land Consolidation Act and the Supreme Court’s clarification in 1987, the land consolidation courts were granted authority to carry out innpåkjøp as part of a land consolidation case. This dual-track system has since raised fundamental legal questions, particularly concerning legal expenses, and has challenged the conceptual relationship between land consolidation and expropriation. This thesis examines how the jurisdiction and practice of the land consolidation courts in cases involving innpåkjøp have developed from 1980 to 2025. A key element of the analysis is the Supreme Court’s 2025 decision in case HR-2025-220-A, which confirmed that the practice of innpåkjøp was continued under the 2013 Land Consolidation Act. The thesis also looks ahead to how such cases should now be handled. The research question is: How have the jurisdiction and practice of the land consolidation courts regarding innpåkjøp in existing private roads developed under the Land Consolidation Act from 1980 to 2025, and how should such cases be handled in the future? The thesis employs a combination of legal doctrinal and qualitative methodology. It includes an analysis of relevant provisions in the 1979 and 2013 Land Consolidation Acts, along with a selection of judicial decisions concerning innpåkjøp handled through land consolidation. The 2025 Supreme Court ruling is analyzed in depth. Drawing on this ruling and related case law, qualitative interviews were conducted with judges from the land consolidation courts. Findings show that the authority to facilitate innpåkjøp has evolved but has largely been exercised consistently throughout the period. Nonetheless, the introduction of the new Land Consolidation Act in 2016 gave rise to some legal uncertainty. Views on legal costs are somewhat divided, but there is a tendency toward applying the cost rules of the Land Consolidation Act. When land consolidation and expropriation are both viable options for innpåkjøp, proper guidance is essential to ensure that the most appropriate procedure is selected based on the circumstances of the case and the needs of the parties

Maculopathy and adult-onset ataxia in patients with biallelic MFSD8 variants

Background: Biallelic variants in the major facilitator superfamily domain containing 8 gene (MFSD8) are associated with distinct clinical presentations that range from typical late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis type 7 (CLN7 disease) to isolated adult-onset retinal dystrophy. Classic late-infantile CLN7 disease is a severe, rare neurological disorder with an age of onset typically between 2 and 6 years, presenting with seizures and/or cognitive regression. Its clinical course is progressive, leading to premature death, and often includes visual loss due to severe retinal dystrophy. In rare cases, pathogenic variants in MFSD8 can be associated with isolated non-syndromic macular dystrophy with variable age at onset, in which the disease process predominantly or exclusively affects the cones of the macula and where there are no neurological or neuropsychiatric manifestations. Methods: Here we present longitudinal studies on four adult-onset patients who were biallelic for four MFSD8 variants. Results: Two unrelated patients who presented with adult-onset ataxia and had macular dystrophy on examination were homozygous for a novel variant in MFSD8 NM_152778.4: c.935T>C p.(Ile312Thr). Two other patients presented in adulthood with visual symptoms, and one of these developed mild to moderate cerebellar ataxia years after the onset of visual symptoms. Conclusions: Our observations expand the knowledge on biallelic pathogenic MFSD8 variants and confirm that these are associated with a spectrum of more heterogeneous clinical phenotypes. In MFSD8-related disease, adult-onset recessive ataxia can be the presenting manifestation or may occur in combination with retinal dystrophy