Refractоry anomalies on preschool children in Stip

Introduction: The refractive anomalies are the most common vision disorders that affect children. For pre-school children, amblypia and the amblyogenic risk factors, like strabismus and significant refractive errors are the most prevalent and most significant vision disorders. The early diagnosis of these disorders allows for an intervention at a time in which treatment and further development prevention are highly possible. Patients and methods: In a period between January 15th and April 15th in 2016, within the screening program for vision disorders at pre-school children in Shtip, 890 children were examined during their stay at kinder garden. The screening was done with a 2WIN mobile binocular refractometer intended for detecting refractive errors, vision anomalies and measuring pupil parameters. Purpose: The goal of this study is to determining the prevalence of vision disorders at pre-school children in Shtip, identifying, early diagnosis and treatment of the vision disorders and also determining the need and benefit of regular pre-school screening program for vision disorders. Results: Abnormalities of the measured parameters are detected within 45.17% of the examined children. Refractive anomalies are detected within 13.37% of all children. 0.56% of all have hyperopia, 1.46% have myopia and 12.13% have astigmatism. Anisometropia >1D was detected within 2.47%, while gaze deviation >4.6° was detected within 34.46%. Conclusion: The screening of pre-school children allowed for an early diagnosis and treatment of refractive errors and ambliogenic factors. With early treatment, amblyopia can be prevented, the life quality can be improved and better academic achievments can be made. Keywords: epidemiology, Shtip, pre-school age, refractive anomalies, screenin

An Expanded Bibliometric Study of Articles on Emerging Markets

Abstract Research Question: Bibliometric analysis of the literature on emerging markets aims to recognise the relationship between traditional metrics (i.e., citations) and alternative metrics (i.e., altmetrics) in this field. Motivation: This study is motivated by existing difficulties in measuring both the quality and societal effects of research papers. There are divided opinions among critics considering whether traditional metrics represent similar measures in comparison with altmetrics, or whether scientific and public attention are principally different categories. The study focuses on a specific field – emerging markets, considering that both opinions of scientists and the crowd are essential for driving appropriate societal changes. Understanding both metrics’ nature is crucial for their proper usage to support sustainable development efforts and link research project evaluation and financing in the field. Idea: The main idea is to examine the relationship between the number of citations and altmetric indicators and to determine the extent of overlapping individual papers/journals in the sample with the best ranking results in both categories. Data: The study uses data about articles on the topic of “emerging markets” exported from the Web of Science (WoS) database and expanded with altmetric indicators (either from providers Altmetric.com or PlumX, depending on the publisher). There are 3996 valid records collected during November 2019. Tools: This paper considers only altmetric indicators common to both providers. Analyses on the relationship of the number of citations and altmetric indicators (Pearson correlation and percentage of overlapping of top-ranked articles/journals) are performed across the entire sample or only considering selected records. Findings: Obtained results indicate that there is generally no significant relationship between observed metrics in circulation (except in the case of Mendeley). The same conclusion is reached by looking at 100 prominent individual papers in both categories in terms of overlapping, while the top 100 journals indicate a better overlap. The role of altmetrics is not to predict citation. Societal and academic impacts are rather different categories, and it is reasonable to consider the purpose of both metrics for initiating/enhancing development in emerging markets. Contribution: This expanded bibliometric study provides valuable information and orientation for researchers, journals, and academic institutions interested in emerging market growth, evaluation, and financially supporting related research projects

Nanomaterials as catalysts for the sensitive and selective determination of diclofenac

Background and purpose Diclofenac (DCF) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug possessing analgesic and antipyretic properties. It is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis pain, osteoarthritis, and acute muscle pain conditions and can be administrated orally, topically or intravenously. Because of its widespread use, hydrophilicity, stability and poor degradation (bioaccumulation in the food chain), DCF is an emerging chemical contaminant that can cause adverse effects in the ecosystems. Taking into account the consumption of DCF in pharmaceutical formulations and its negative impact on the environment, the development of new sensitive, selective, cheap, fast, and online capable analytical devices is needed for on-site applications. Experimental approach This brief review attempts to cover the recent developments related to the use of nanomaterials as catalysts for electrochemical determination of DCF in pharmaceutical formulations, biological fluids and environmental samples. Key results The article aims to prove how electrochemical sensors represent reliable alternatives to conventional methods for DCF analysis. Conclusion The manuscript highlights the progress in the development of electrochemical sensors for DCF detection. We have analyzed numerous recent papers (mainly since 2019) on sensors developed for the quantitative determination of DCF, indicating the limit of detection, linear range, stability, reproducibility, and analytical applications. Current challenges related to the sensor design and future perspectives are outlined

Corporate Governance in Insurance Companies – Need or Trend?

In recent decades corporate governance is very actual topic, especially in financial institutions, and more and more investors and regulators in the insurance industry have insisted on establishing an adequate corporate governance system. But what exactly is corporate governance? Is it just a trend or a real need for the insurance companies? Good corporate governance is undoubtedly necessary to maintain a fair, safe and stable insurance sector that will protect the interests of insurers, which in return will contribute to the stability of the financial system as a whole. The insurance industry, like other parts of the financial system, is undergoing a number of changes and that is why insurance companies need to have a stable corporate system in order to face changes easily and respond adequately to rapid sociological, technological changes and economic development. The benefits of good corporate governance are unquestionable - they provide for greater competitiveness of insurance companies, increased efficiency and corporate results, greater company asset value and higher company reputation, all of which are important factors in the modern business environment. Finally, it should be noted that corporate governance is not a once-established system, but a continuous process that needs to be constantly upgraded and improved. The market is the one that will evaluate and value the commitment of the insurance companies in the process of building an adequate system of good corporate governance in the long run

Protection of privacy and banking secrecy in Swiss banking

Despite being one of the most developed and regulated countries in the world, Switzerland is also considered to be the leading financial center in the world. Everyone agrees with the fact that banking is one of the most recognizable activities in Switzerland, and also places it among the most important international financial centers with a long tradition, stretching back to medieval times. Swiss banking is a synonym for a banking system in which the principle of secrecy in banking is widely used. Banking secrecy as an established practice is based on the fact that customer data is kept secret for all third parties, whether private or public authorities. Banking secrecy as an institution is based on the fact that every client of the bank has the right to confidentiality of information and data when dealing with the bank, and that confidentiality excludes the ability of the third party to obtain information from the bank. Bank secrecy is an extension of the concept of banking discretion, which implies the professional obligation of bankers to keep clients\u27 personal and financial information strictly confidential. Banking secrecy in Switzerland, although it has changed its role over the years, especially in tax matters, still exists as an obligation for all Swiss banks. The Swiss banks, as well as the Swiss tax authorities, no longer have the right to refuse to provide (submit) property data of the taxpayer, referring to bank secrecy. However, without a special request, no information will be provided to anyone. The provision of information will in principle be secured in court, on the basis of the citizen\u27s rights under Swiss law, and thus banking secrecy will continue to protect banks\u27 clients from illegitimate requests for information by third parties, except cases of criminal activity and inheritance

Recent advances in electrochemical determination of anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil

Reliable, rapid, highly selective and sensitive analytical methods for the determination of antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in human body fluids (blood serum/plasma and urine) are required to improve the chemotherapy regimen to reduce its toxicity and improve efficacy. Nowadays, electrochemical techniques provide a powerful analytical tool for 5-FU detection systems. This comprehensive review covers the advances in the development of electrochemical sensors for the quantitative determination of 5-FU, mainly focused on original studies reported from 2015 to date. We have summarized recent trends in the electrochemical sensor systems applied for the analysis of 5-FU in pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples, and critically evaluated the key performance metrics of these sensors (limit of detection, linear range, stability and recovery). Challenges and future outlooks in this field have also been discussed

ОВЧЕПОЛСКИОТ И СЛОВЕНЕЧКОГОРИШКИОТ (ГОРИЧАНСКИ) ДИЈАЛЕКТ ДВЕ ПАРАЛЕЛИ ВО ЈУЖНОСЛОВЕНСКИОТ ЈАЗИЧЕН СВЕТ

The aim of this paper is to present parallels between a northeastern Macedonian dialect (Ovche Pole dialect) and a northeastern Slovenian dialect (Slovenian-gorishki – gorichanski dialect). In this respect we will focus primarily on the changes that occur on phonetic-phonological, morphological, lexical and wordformation level in the Ovche Pole dialect, i.e. the language of Crn and Gugj; and on lexical and word-formation level in the Slovenian-gorishki – gorichanski dialect. The rich dialectological material collected in the field indicates that these two dialects are both related and distinct, even though they belong to the South Slavic linguistic world.Целта е да се претстават паралелите помеѓу еден североисточен македонски дијалект (овчеполскиот) и еден североисточен словенечки дијалект (словенечкогоришкиот т.н. горичански). Притоа ќе се задржиме пред сè на промените кои настануваат на фонетско-фонолошки, морфолошки, зборообразувачки и на лексички план во овчеполскиот дијалект т.е. говорот на Црнилиште и на Ѓуѓанце, а на лексички и на зборообразувачки план во словенечкогоришкиот (горичански) дијалект. Богатиот дијалектолошки материјал собран на терен укажува дека овие два дијалекта се сродни, но и различни, иако и двата припаѓаат во јужнословенскиот јазичен свет

Decision making with fair ranking

Abstract and Figures Ranking is a responsible process because it involves working with sensitive attributes that can discriminate alternatives. Due to the availability of a large amount of data for automated processing, ranking is increasingly in use in decision making. Therefore, concepts of algorithmic fairness in the field of classification in machine learning find their place in fair ranking methods. This paper provides an overview of fair ranking terms, fair ranking challenges, and fair ranking algorithms from the state-of-the-art literature

Prawnoporównawcze ujęcie zasad ochrony danych osobowych w handlu elektronicznym w Unii Europejskiej, Stanach Zjednoczonych, Republice Macedonii Północnej i Albanii. Modele i specyfika

The advantages of electronic communications in the e-commerce sector and the rapid exchange of information continue to have enormous benefits, but they come at a cost in terms of privacy protection and legal gaps. Privacy is defined differently in each jurisdiction – the EU and the US, and despite widespread agreement on the importance of privacy, there is no single definition of the concept in scientific circles. The difficulties of transferring personal data between the European Union and the United States were once again at the forefront of the country’s highest privacy and data protection concerns. General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) positioned data protection to the highest level of company directions throughout the requirements imposed on any organization that collects, processes, manages, or stores information about European citizens, requiring stricter standards and giving users more control over their data. The new regulation has an impact on businesses and users all over Europe. The study’s goal is to compare the level of protection and security provided to e-commerce users in the European Union, the United States of America, the Republic of North Macedonia, and Albania. Also, the correlation between the obligations and the effect of the GDPR was studied in order to determine whether it will guarantee a higher level of protection of individuals’ rights, or whether will it primarily result in the bureaucratization of the processes for protecting personal data performed in e-commerce actions.Zalety elektronicznych środków komunikacji w sektorze e-commerce oraz szybkiej wymiany informacji nadal przynoszą olbrzymie korzyści, ale kosztem ochrony prywatności i powstawania luk prawnych. W każdym systemie prawnym – czy to unijnym, czy to amerykańskim – prywatność jest definiowana inaczej; pomimo tego, że waga prywatności jest szeroko akceptowana, brak jest jednolitej definicji tego pojęcia w środowisku naukowym. Trudności w przenoszeniu danych osobowych pomiędzy Unią Europejską a Stanami Zjednoczonymi znów wyszły na pierwszy plan pośród najważniejszych kwestii związanych z prywatnością i ochroną danych w poszczególnych krajach. Rozporządzenie o ochronie danych osobowych (RODO) postawiło ochronę danych na najwyższym poziomie działalności przedsiębiorstw poprzez wymagania nałożone na każdą organizację zbierającą, przetwarzającą, zarządzającą lub przechowującą informacje o europejskich obywatelach, wymuszając surowsze standardy i dając użytkownikom większą kontrolę nad swoimi danymi. Nowe rozporządzenie oddziałuje na przedsiębiorców i użytkowników w całej Europie. Celem opracowania jest porównanie poziomu ochrony i bezpieczeństwa zapewnianego użytkownikom e-commerce w Unii Europejskiej, Stanach Zjednoczonych Ameryki, Republice Macedonii Północnej i Albanii. Ponadto zbadano korelację pomiędzy obowiązkami a skutkami RODO w celu stwierdzenia, czy zapewni ono wyższy poziom ochrony praw jednostek czy też raczej przede wszystkim wywoła zbiurokratyzowanie procesów ochrony danych osobowych prowadzonych w ramach czynności e-commerce

ОВЧЕПОЛСКИОТ И СЛОВЕНЕЧКОГОРИШКИОТ (ГОРИЧАНСКИ) ДИЈАЛЕКТ ДВЕ ПАРАЛЕЛИ ВО ЈУЖНОСЛОВЕНСКИОТ ЈАЗИЧЕН СВЕТ

Целта е да се претстават паралелите помеѓу еден североисточен македонски дијалект (овчеполскиот) и еден североисточен словенечки дијалект (словенечкогоришкиот т.н. горичански). Притоа ќе се задржиме пред сè на промените кои настануваат на фонетско-фонолошки, морфолошки, зборообразувачки и на лексички план во овчеполскиот дијалект т.е. говорот на Црнилиште и на Ѓуѓанце, а на лексички и на зборообразувачки план во словенечкогоришкиот (горичански) дијалект. Богатиот дијалектолошки материјал собран на терен укажува дека овие два дијалекта се сродни, но и различни, иако и двата припаѓаат во јужнословенскиот јазичен све