Immigrant Entrepreneurs in the Massachusetts Biotechnology Industry (2007)

Immigrant entrepreneurs are co-founders in 25.7 percent of Massachusetts Biotechnology firms. In 2006, these immigrant-founded biotechnology companies produced over $7.6 billion dollars in sales and employed over 4,000 workers. The foreign-born founders came from across the globe but in larger numbers from Europe, Canada or Asia. Their firms specialize in the most complex, risky, life science-intensive aspects of biotechnology to seek knowledge directly applicable to human health. Biotechnology is a crucial industry for Massachhusetts and the evidence strongly suggests that immigrants have been key contributors to this industry by establishing new businesses as well as bringing intellectual capital and thereby contributing significantly to the overall economic growth of the Commonwealth

A new code for Fourier-Legendre analysis of large datasets: first results and a comparison with ring-diagram analysis

Fourier-Legendre decomposition (FLD) of solar Doppler imaging data is a promising method to estimate the sub-surface solar meridional flow. FLD is sensible to low-degree oscillation modes and thus has the potential to probe the deep meridional flow. We present a newly developed code to be used for large scale FLD analysis of helioseismic data as provided by the Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG), the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) instrument, and the upcoming Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) instrument. First results obtained with the new code are qualitatively comparable to those obtained from ring-diagram analyis of the same time series.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, 4th HELAS International Conference "Seismological Challenges for Stellar Structure", 1-5 February 2010, Arrecife, Lanzarote (Canary Islands

Searching for Radio Pulsars in 3EG Sources at Urumqi Observatory

Since mid-2005, a pulsar searching system has been operating at 18 cm on the 25-m radio telescope of Urumqi Observatory. Test observations on known pulsars show that the system can perform the intended task. The prospect of using this system to observe 3EG sources and other target searching tasks is discussed.Comment: a training project about MSc thesi

«da kniff mich eine Idee». Anmerkungen zur getauschten Haut in Irmgard Keuns Das kunstseidene Mädchen (1932)

Um des Auswegs aus der Misere der kleinen Angestellten willen etwas erscheinen müssen, nicht etwas exemplarisch verkörpern, Mode- oder Fremdbildern unterworfen sein, nicht für sich selbst stehen, darunter leiden und scheitern _ Doris, die Heldin aus Irmgard Keuns Roman Das kunstseidene Mädchen, wird von einer Idee gekniffen, inszeniert ihre eigene Person zwischen den Selbst- und Fremdbildern des glamourösen Girls, als sie beschließt ihr Leben in einem Filmskript festzuhalten. Sie will schreiben wie Film, denn so will ihr das eigene Leben erscheinen und wird umso weniger so sein: Wie das Filmskript den Misserfolg ihrer Flucht chronometriert, so bezeichnet ein enteigneter Pelzmantel als Dingsymbol zugleich den Glanz eines Fremdbildes und einer Falle im Abseits der Weimarer Republik.Fretting and failing because she wants an image that will enable her to escape from a drab office-girl's existence, because she is not what she would like to be, because she is a slave to fashion and other people's perceptions, because she is not her true self. Such is the plight of Doris: the protagonist of Irmgard Keun's novel, The Artificial Silk Girl, has had a bright idea: she will cast herself as a glamour girl, mid-way between her own self-perception and the way she is perceived by others. She decides to turn her life into a movie script. She will write it as if her life were a film, because that is how she sees it, although in fact her life turns out to be anything but that. Just as the script gives a blow by blow account of her failure to escape, a stolen fur coat comes to embody, like a Dingsymbol, the glamorous image of herself as perceived by others, and is, in its turn, a trap which ensnares her on the margins of society in the Weimar Republic.Sufrimiento y fracaso por querer aparentar algo que le permita escapar de las penurias de las pequeñas oficinistas, por no ser lo que le gustaría, por estar supeditada a las modas o percepciones ajenas, por no ser ella misma. Esto es lo que le ocurre a Doris. A la protagonista de la novela de Irmgard Keun, La chica de seda artificial, se le ha antojado una idea: escenificarse como chica glamorosa, en un terreno que se encuentra entre su propia percepción y la ajena. Decide que va afijar su vida en un guión de cine. Quiere escribir como si su vida fuese una película, pero por más que quiera, sólo será un espejismo. De la misma manera que el guión cronometra el fracaso de su huida, un abrigo de piel expropiado encarna _como símbolo objeto_, el fulgor de una percepción ajena, y a su vez, una trampa que la remite a las márgenes de la sociedad de la República de Weimar.Um des Auswegs aus der Misere der kleinen Angestellten willen etwas erscheinen müssen, nicht etwas exemplarisch verkörpern, Mode- oder Fremdbildern unterworfen sein, nicht für sich selbst stehen, darunter leiden und scheitern _ Doris, die Heldin aus Irmgard Keuns Roman Das kunstseidene Mädchen, wird von einer Idee gekniffen, inszeniert ihre eigene Person zwischen den Selbst- und Fremdbildern des glamourösen Girls, als sie beschließt ihr Leben in einem Filmskript festzuhalten. Sie will schreiben wie Film, denn so will ihr das eigene Leben erscheinen und wird umso weniger so sein: Wie das Filmskript den Misserfolg ihrer Flucht chronometriert, so bezeichnet ein enteigneter Pelzmantel als Dingsymbol zugleich den Glanz eines Fremdbildes und einer Falle im Abseits der Weimarer Republik

Absolute velocity measurements in sunspot umbrae

In sunspot umbrae, convection is largely suppressed by the strong magnetic field. Previous measurements reported on negligible convective flows in umbral cores. Based on this, numerous studies have taken the umbra as zero reference to calculate Doppler velocities of the ambient active region. To clarify the amount of convective motion in the darkest part of umbrae, we directly measured Doppler velocities with an unprecedented accuracy and precision. We performed spectroscopic observations of sunspot umbrae with the Laser Absolute Reference Spectrograph (LARS) at the German Vacuum Tower Telescope. A laser frequency comb enabled the calibration of the high-resolution spectrograph and absolute wavelength positions. A thorough spectral calibration, including the measurement of the reference wavelength, yielded Doppler shifts of the spectral line Ti i 5713.9 {\AA} with an uncertainty of around 5 m s-1. The measured Doppler shifts are a composition of umbral convection and magneto-acoustic waves. For the analysis of convective shifts, we temporally average each sequence to reduce the superimposed wave signal. Compared to convective blueshifts of up to -350 m s-1 in the quiet Sun, sunspot umbrae yield a strongly reduced convective blueshifts around -30 m s-1. {W}e find that the velocity in a sunspot umbra correlates significantly with the magnetic field strength, but also with the umbral temperature defining the depth of the titanium line. The vertical upward motion decreases with increasing field strength. Extrapolating the linear approximation to zero magnetic field reproduces the measured quiet Sun blueshift. Simply taking the sunspot umbra as a zero velocity reference for the calculation of photospheric Dopplergrams can imply a systematic velocity error.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables, Appendix with 5 figure

Bounding Bloat in Genetic Programming

While many optimization problems work with a fixed number of decision variables and thus a fixed-length representation of possible solutions, genetic programming (GP) works on variable-length representations. A naturally occurring problem is that of bloat (unnecessary growth of solutions) slowing down optimization. Theoretical analyses could so far not bound bloat and required explicit assumptions on the magnitude of bloat. In this paper we analyze bloat in mutation-based genetic programming for the two test functions ORDER and MAJORITY. We overcome previous assumptions on the magnitude of bloat and give matching or close-to-matching upper and lower bounds for the expected optimization time. In particular, we show that the (1+1) GP takes (i) $\Theta(T_{init} + n \log n)$ iterations with bloat control on ORDER as well as MAJORITY; and (ii) $O(T_{init} \log T_{init} + n (\log n)^3)$ and $\Omega(T_{init} + n \log n)$ (and $\Omega(T_{init} \log T_{init})$ for $n=1$) iterations without bloat control on MAJORITY.Comment: An extended abstract has been published at GECCO 201

Effect of Particle Size on Droplet Infiltration into Hydrophobic Porous Media As a Model of Water Repellent Soil

The wettability of soil is of great importance for plants and soil biota, and in determining the risk for preferential flow, surface runoff, flooding,and soil erosion. The molarity of ethanol droplet (MED) test is widely used for quantifying the severity of water repellency in soils that show reduced wettability and is assumed to be independent of soil particle size. The minimum ethanol concentration at which droplet penetration occurs within a short time (≤10 s) provides an estimate of the initial advancing contact angle at which spontaneous wetting is expected. In this study, we test the assumption of particle size independence using a simple model of soil, represented by layers of small (0.2–2 mm) diameter beads that predict the effect of changing bead radius in the top layer on capillary driven imbibition. Experimental results using a three-layer bead system show broad agreement with the model and demonstrate a dependence of the MED test on particle size. The results show that the critical initial advancing contact angle for penetration can be considerably less than 90° and varies with particle size, demonstrating that a key assumption currently used in the MED testing of soil is not necessarily valid

Self-organization of hydrophobic soil and granular surfaces

Soil can become extremely water repellent following forest fires or oil spillages, thus preventing penetration of water and increasing runoff and soil erosion. Here the authors show that evaporation of a droplet from the surface of a hydrophobic granular material can be an active process, lifting, self-coating, and selectively concentrating small solid grains. Droplet evaporation leads to the formation of temporary liquid marbles and, as droplet volume reduces, particles of different wettabilities compete for water-air interfacial surface area. This can result in a sorting effect with self-organization of a mixed hydrophobic-hydrophilic aggregate into a hydrophobic shell surrounding a hydrophilic core

Critical conditions for the wetting of soils

The wettability of soil is of great importance for plants and soil biota and in determining whether flooding and soil erosion will occur. The analysis used in common measurements of soil hydrophobicity makes the assumption that water always enters soils if the average contact angle between the soil and water is 90 degrees or lower; these tests have been used for decades. The authors show theoretically and experimentally that water cannot enter many soils unless the contact angle is considerably lower than this, down to approximately 50 degrees. This difference generates serious errors in determining and modeling soil wetting behavior