Título: Aprovación y censura de gravissimos maestros pavordes y doctores peritissimos ...

Autor tomado de final de textoEl texto alude al año 1640Sign.: []1, A7Letra inic. con grab. xi

The causes of slavery: a hypothesis

Presented to the Economic History Associatio

On the causes of the African slave trade

This paper offers an integrated analysis of the forces shaping the emergence of the African slave trade over the early modern period. We focus our attention on two questions. First, why most of the increase in the demand for slaves during this period came exclusively from western Europeans. Second, and of most relevance for present-day development outcomes, why was the overwhelming majority of slaves of African origin. Technological differences in manufacturing technology, the specificities of sugar (and other crops') production, and the cultural fragmentation of the African continent all play a role in the analysis. Supporting evidence for each of our claims is provided from a broad corpus of relevant literature

Productivity and growth in UK industries: an intangible investment approach

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RESEARCH ON THE SELECTION OF EXCIPIENTS AS THE RATIONALE FOR THE COMPOSITION OF THE TABLETS WITH DRY EXTRACT OF SANGUISORBA OFFICINALIS

The aim. The aim of the research was to study the effect of different groups of excipients on the pharmaco-technological propertiesof the powder mass for tabletting in the development of the composition of the tablets with dry extract of Sanguisorba officinalis for complex therapy of the gastrointestinal tract diseases. Materials and methods. Objects of study - dry extract Sanguisorba officinalis, 25 excipients used in the production of tablets by the method of direct compression, grouped into five groups of factors (fillers based on sugars and microcrystalline cellulose, disintegrants, glidants and lubricants), samples of powder masses. Studies on the determination of pharmaco-technological properties (fluidity, bulk density, bulk density after shrinkage, degree of compressibility, Hausner ratio, and angle of repose) of the obtained powder masses were carried out according to the methods of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine, Second edition. The method of mathematical planning of the experiment was used in the work, the obtained results were subjected to variance analysis, and the ranked series of advantages were placed, in which the excipients were placed in the sequence of their influence on the studied pharmaco-tecnological parameters. Results and discussion. The influence of excipients (factors) on the pharmaco-technological properties (responses) of the powdered tablet masses with the construction of ranked benefits was studied using a five-factor experiment, a hyper-Graeco-Latin square. The results of the analysis of variance showed that glidants have the greatest influence on the fluidity, the bulk density and the bulk density after shrinkage. Neusilin US 2 significantly affects the fluidity of the powder masses and Hausner ratio, the talc having the greatest effect on the bulk density and the bulk density after shrinkage of the powder masses. The representative of the disintegrants group – Sodium starch glycolate most influences the compressibility index, the sugar-based filler – Pearlitol 500 DC – on the angle of repose. Conclusions. The effect of 25 excipients on the pharmaco-technological characteristics of the powdered tablet masses with dry extract of Sanguisorba officinalis was studied. It was found that among the sugars-based fillers equally good results were shown in the powder masses with Compri sugar, Tablettose 80 and Pearlitol 500 DC; among the microcrystalline cellulose based fillers is Prosolv 90; among glidants – Neusilin US 2; no comparison was made of the disintegrants and lubricant excipients from the studied list of leader substances. The results of the studies indicate the possibility of obtaining tablets by the direct compression method, and further study of their pharmaco-technological characteristics will allow to establish the optimal composition of excipients

Regularity Properties and Pathologies of Position-Space Renormalization-Group Transformations

We reconsider the conceptual foundations of the renormalization-group (RG) formalism, and prove some rigorous theorems on the regularity properties and possible pathologies of the RG map. Regarding regularity, we show that the RG map, defined on a suitable space of interactions (= formal Hamiltonians), is always single-valued and Lipschitz continuous on its domain of definition. This rules out a recently proposed scenario for the RG description of first-order phase transitions. On the pathological side, we make rigorous some arguments of Griffiths, Pearce and Israel, and prove in several cases that the renormalized measure is not a Gibbs measure for any reasonable interaction. This means that the RG map is ill-defined, and that the conventional RG description of first-order phase transitions is not universally valid. For decimation or Kadanoff transformations applied to the Ising model in dimension $d \ge 3$, these pathologies occur in a full neighborhood $\{ \beta > \beta_0 ,\, |h| < \epsilon(\beta) \}$ of the low-temperature part of the first-order phase-transition surface. For block-averaging transformations applied to the Ising model in dimension $d \ge 2$, the pathologies occur at low temperatures for arbitrary magnetic-field strength. Pathologies may also occur in the critical region for Ising models in dimension $d \ge 4$. We discuss in detail the distinction between Gibbsian and non-Gibbsian measures, and give a rather complete catalogue of the known examples. Finally, we discuss the heuristic and numerical evidence on RG pathologies in the light of our rigorous theorems.Comment: 273 pages including 14 figures, Postscript, See also ftp.scri.fsu.edu:hep-lat/papers/9210/9210032.ps.