Studentization and the determination of p-values.

The original Studentization was the conversion of a sample mean departure into the familiar t-statistic, plus the derivation of the corresponding Student distribution function; the observed value of the distribution function is the observed p-value, as presented in an elemental form. We examine this process in a broadly general context: a null statistical model is available together with observed data; a statistic t(y) has been proposed as a plausible measure of the location of the data relative to what is expected under the null; a modified statistic, say ~t(y), is developed that is ancillary; the corresponding distribution function is determined, exactly or approximately; and the observed value of the distribution function is the p-value or percentage position of the data with respect to the model. Such p-values have had extensive coverage in the recent Bayesian literature, with many variations and some preference for two versions labelled pppost and pcpred. The bootstrap method also directly addresses this Studentization process. We use recent likelihood theory that gives a third order factorization of a regular statistical model into a marginal density for a full dimensional ancillary and a conditional density for the maximum likelihood variable. The full dimensional ancillary is shown to lead to an explicit determination of the Studentized version ~t(y) together with a highly accurate approximation to its distribution function; the observed value of the distribution function is the p-value and is available numerically by direct calculation or by Markov chain Monte Carlo or by other simulations. In this paper, for any given initial or trial test statistic proposed as a location indicator for a data point, we develop: an ancillary based p-value designated panc; a special version of the Bayesian pcpred; and a bootstrap based p-value designated pbs. We then show under moderate regularity that these are equivalent to the third order and have uniqueness as a determination of the statistical location of the data point, as of course derived from the initial location measure. We also show that these p-values have a uniform distribution to third order, as based on calculations in the moderate-deviations region. For implementation the Bayesian and likelihood procedures would perhaps require the same numerical computations, while the bootstrap would require a magnitude more in computation and would perhaps not be accessible. Examples are given to indicate the ease and exibility of the approachAncillary; Bayesian; Bootstrap; Conditioning; Departure measure; Likelihood; p-value; Studentization.;

Formation of octapod MnO nanoparticles with enhanced magnetic properties through kinetically-controlled thermal decomposition of polynuclear manganese complexes

Polynuclear manganese complexes are used as precursors for the synthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles (MnO NPs). Altering the thermal decomposition conditions can shift the nanoparticle product from spherical, thermodynamically-driven NPs to unusual, kinetically-controlled octapod structures. The resulting increased surface area profoundly alters the NP's surface-dependent magnetism and may have applications in nanomedicine

Secondary organic aerosol 3. Urban/regional scale model of size- and composition-resolved aerosols

The California Institute of Technology (CIT) three-dimensional urban/regional atmospheric model is used to perform comprehensive gas- and aerosol-phase simulations of the 8 September 1993 smog episode in the South Coast Air Basin of California (SoCAB) using the atmospheric chemical mechanism of part 1 [Griffin et al., 2002] and the thermodynamic module of part 2 [Pun et al., 2002]. This paper focuses primarily on simulations of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and determination of the species and processes that lead to this SOA. Meteorological data and a gas and particulate emissions inventory for this episode were supplied directly by the South Coast Air Quality Management District. A summer 1993 atmospheric sampling campaign provides data against which the performance of the model is evaluated. Predictions indicate that SOA formation in the SoCAB is dominated by partitioning of hydrophobic secondary products of the oxidation of anthropogenic organics. The biogenic contribution to total SOA increases in the more rural eastern portions of the region, as does the fraction of hydrophilic SOA, the latter reflecting the increasing degree of oxidation of SOA species with atmospheric residence time

English composition in the high school

This item was digitized by the Internet Archive. Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston Universityhttps://archive.org/details/englishcompositi00fra

The Challenge Of Strategic Flexibility: A Case Study

Abstract Strategic Flexibility has been widely cited as a critical success factor and capability for navigating today’s complex and dynamic business landscape. Despite this recognition, there remain considerable challenges in the conceptual understanding and implementation of this strategic principle. Strategic flexibility has also been linked to strategic decision making as the extent to which new and alternative options in strategic decision making are generated and considered. This relationship plays a key role in effective firm response and when combined with a strategically designed leadership pipeline it can result in a valuable source of competitive advantage. Yet we know very little about the interplay between particular environments and the factors that influence executives’ strategic frames as little empirical research has been conducted in this area. Therefore, this study extends knowledge of these relationships by investigating the strategic frames of senior executives, the contexts and the factors that influence their capability for cognitive strategic flexibility. The study explores strategic thinking and decision-making at the individual and organizational levels. Thus, it falls under the Individual and Organizational Minds research stream with significant influence by the two cognitive branches of Information Processing Perspective and Ideological Perspectives. A qualitative and inductive case study method was employed with the use of the Kelley Repertory Grid Interview technique. Consistent with the interpretivist philosophy, this qualitative research focuses on the perceptions and experiences of the participants in the work context. The study revealed multiple factors inhibiting the cognitive strategic flexibility of the individual executives. It also develops new conceptual connections between the Strategic Flexibility and Ambidexterity research streams that show promise for enabling strategic thinking in practice. The inductive creation of the new iSCOPE Framework from this research provides a useful tool that integrates academic theories and facilitates the development of intervention solutions that are concrete, mutually reinforcing and systematic

Donald C. Fraser Papers, 1941-1945

An impressive collection of World War II letters from Fraser to his wife Irene in Fargo, dating from 1941 to 1945 while he was in training in Montana and California, and with the 188th Field Artillery in Europe