Writing as Praxis 1900-1959

This study of elementary school textbooks published between 1900 and 1959 investigates trends in writing instruction. In order to determine whether quantitative changes in the frequency and types of assignments had occurred over this timespan, the sixty-year interval was divided into three roughly equal periods: period A included textbooks published between 1900 and 1917; period B, 1918 and 1935; and period C, 1936 and 1959. All textbooks tasks were allocated into one of twelve categories such as grammar, letter writing, or narrative and expository writing. Generally speaking, the results of trend analysis indicate an increased emphasis on oral language tasks throughout the period, with a concomitant decrease in the amount of time spent on writing tasks. Moreover, it is clear that current enthusiasm for the idea of writing-as-process has antecedents in earlier textbooks on American writing instruction. Teachers have long understood the demands and nature of the writing process, but have yet to commit themselves to the implications, namely, that the one indispensable prerequisite for good writing is increasing amounts of time spent of the task

Exploring the association between eating a whole food plant-based diet and reducing chronic diseases: a critical literature synthesis

Nearly 70% of the population of the United States is at increased risk for chronic illness because of dietary related health conditions. Half of all adults, 117 million people, have one or more preventable diet associated chronic diseases. The current state of the nation’s health is a serious public health concern as 1.5 million Americans die annually due to conditions related to dietary intake. The risks for chronic disease, such as obesity, are greater for segments of the population unable to afford healthier, nutritionally-dense food, especially low populations with low socioeconomic status and communities of color. This has created serious and significant health inequities. In the United States, healthcare spending accounts for more than 17% of the US economy. Chronic diseases, related conditions, and the health risk behaviors that cause them now account for most health care costs making these diseases a significant public health concern. Eighty-six percent of all health care spending in 2010 was for people with one or more chronic medical conditions. A literature search was conducted in SCOPUS and PubMed to address the following re-search question: Is there an association between eating a whole food plant-based diet and reduced rates of chronic diseases? This thesis examines the effects of eating a WFPB diet on the risk of chronic diseases and the prevention and mitigation of chronic diseases after diagnosis. Increasing the dietary intake of whole plant-based diet may help to prevent, reduce or even reverse certain chronic illnesses in the population. A diet consisting largely of unprocessed or primarily unprocessed healthy vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, and beans might enable the US population to address the hyper-endemic level of chronic illnesses that have resulted from more than 40 years of eating the Western or Standard American Diet (SAD). These results have public health significance because they may help future researchers, public health and medical professionals, and policymakers as they look toward addressing and reducing the level of diet-related illnesses among the population, especially those who regularly experience health inequities

Komunikasi Pariwisata Dalam Pengembangan Desa Wisata Pentagen Sebagai Pariwisata Berbasis Masyarakat

Perubahan paradigma pembangunan kepariwisataan di Kabupaten Kerinci dari sentralistik menjadi partisipatif melalui kemunculan pariwisata berkonsep desa wisata. Keberadaan desa wisata di Kabupaten Kerinci saat ini banyak yang tak terkelola secara maksimal. Namun, hal tersebut tidak terjadi pada Desa Wisata Pentagen yang mampu menangkap peluang atas potensi yang dimilikinya dengan dukungan dan partisipasi penuh dari masyarakat lokal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis komunikasi kelompok pariwisata dan kolaborasi multi stakeholder dalam pengembangan Desa Wisata Pentagen. Metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus dan paradigma konstruktivisme. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi serta dianalisis menggunakan metode Miles dan Huberman. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori kelompok terpercaya dan model penta helix. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komunikasi kelompok dilakukan oleh Pokdarwis Pertiwi berjalan pada kelompok kecil (micro group) dengan bentuk komunikasi kelompok preskriptif. Komunikasi kelompok terfokus dalam lingkup kegiatan eksternal melalui aktivitas peningkatan kapasitas masyarakat, pemetaan potensi masyarakat, hingga evaluasi program. Adapun keberhasilan komunikasi kelompok didukung oleh pola komunikasi dan gaya kepemimpinan yang efektif. Hasil temuan penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa terdapat kolaborasi dari lima elemen stakeholder dalam pengembangan Desa Wisata Pentagen yang terdiri dari Bisnis, Pemerintah, Komunitas, Akademisi, dan Media. Setiap stakeholder memiliki kontribusi dan keterlibatan berbeda yang dapat menentukan tingkat hubungan kerja sama yang terbagi ke dalam beberapa tingkatan yaitu collaborating, cooperating, coordinating dan networking

МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ АНТИКОРОЗІЙНОГО ЗАХИСТУ МАТЕРІАЛУ ОБСАДНОЇ КОЛОНИ В ЛАБОРАТОРНИХ УМОВАХ

The materials are presented simulation of anti-corrosion protection of covering material in laboratory conditions. The conditions of operation of the equipment of the field under the conditions of water pressure regime of oil extraction are considered. Factors of corrosion destruction of oilfield equipment are temperature, aggressive formation ions and associated acid gases CO2 and H2S. The possibility  of  using  advanced  potentiostatic method  to  study  the  protective  action  of  cement  stone  obtained  from  a  mixture  of cemented materials in order to increase the corrosion resistance of the structures is demonstrated. It has been shown that additives of  coke-chemical  products to  the  composition  of  the  cementations  mortar  composition  can  increase the  protective  properties  of cement stone during tamping of wells, which are operated in difficult mountain-geological conditions.Рассматриваются условия функционирования оборудования месторождения в условиях водонапорного режима извлечения нефти. Факторами коррозионного разрушения нефтепромыслового оборудования является температура, агрессивные ионы пластовой воды и сопутствующие кислые газы СО 2  и H 2 S. Показана возможность использования усовершенствованного потенциостатического  метода  для  исследования  защитного  действия  цементного  камня,  полученного  из  смеси тампонажных  материалов  для  повышения  коррозионной  стойкости  конструкционных  сталей  в  сложных  условиях эксплуатации.  Показано,  что  добавки  коксохимических  продуктов  в  состав  композиции  тампонажных  растворов  могут повышать  защитные  свойства  цементного  камня  при  тампонаже  скважин,  эксплуатируемых  в  сложных  горно-геологических условиях.Розглядаються  умови  функціонування  обладнання  родовища  в  умовах  водонапірного  режиму  вилучення  нафти. Факторами  корозійного  руйнування  нафтопромислового    обладнання  є  температура  ,агресивні  іони  пластової  води    та  супутні  кислі  гази  СО 2   і  H 2 S.  Показана  можливість  використання  удосконаленого  потенціостатичного  методу  для дослідження захисної дії цементного каменю, отриманого із суміші тампонажних матеріалів, для підвищення корозійної стійкості  конструкційних  сталей  в  складних  умовах  експлуатації.  Показано,  що  добавки    коксохімічних  продуктів  до складу  композиції  тампонажних розчинів  можуть    підвищувати захисні  властивості  цементного  каменю при тампонажі свердловин, які  експлуатуються в складних гірсько-геологічних  умовах.

An assessment of implementation of community - oriented primary care in Kenyan family medicine postgraduate medical education programmes

Background and objectives: Family medicine postgraduate programmes in Kenya are examining the benefits of Community-Oriented Primary Care (COPC) curriculum, as a method to train residents in population-based approaches to health care delivery. Whilst COPC is an established part of family medicine training in the United States, little is known about its application in Kenya. We sought to conduct a qualitative study to explore the development and implementation of COPC curriculum in the first two family medicine postgraduate programmes in Kenya. Method: Semi-structured interviews of COPC educators, practitioners, and academic stakeholders and focus groups of postgraduate students were conducted with COPC educators, practitioners and academic stakeholders in two family medicine postgraduate programmes in Kenya. Discussions were transcribed, inductively coded and thematically analysed. Results: Two focus groups with eight family medicine postgraduate students and interviews with five faculty members at two universities were conducted. Two broad themes emerged from the analysis: expected learning outcomes and important community-based enablers. Three learning outcomes were (1) making a community diagnosis, (2) understanding social determinants of health and (3) training in participatory research. Three community-based enablers for sustainability of COPC were (1) partnerships with community health workers, (2) community empowerment and engagement and (3) institutional financial support. Conclusions: Our findings illustrate the expected learning outcomes and important communitybased enablers associated with the successful implementation of COPC projects in Kenya and will help to inform future curriculum development in Kenya

Sorafenib Inhibits Many Kinase Mutations Associated with Drug-Resistant Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

Abstract Sorafenib has substantial clinical activity as third- or fourth-line treatment of imatinib- and sunitinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Because sorafenib targets both angiogenesis-related kinases (VEGFR) and the pathogenetic kinases found in GIST (KIT or PDGFRA), the molecular basis for sorafenib efficacy in this setting remains unknown. We sought to determine the spectrum of activity of sorafenib against different mutant kinases associated with drug-sensitive and drug-resistant GIST. We compared the activity of imatinib and sorafenib against transiently expressed mutant forms of KIT and PDGFRA, including various secondary mutations that have been identified in imatinib-resistant or sunitinib-resistant GISTs. We also examined these drugs against four GIST cell lines, three of which are imatinib resistant. In our in vitro studies, we determined that sorafenib inhibited imatinib-resistant mutations in exons encoding the ATP/drug-binding pocket and in exons encoding the activation loop, with the exception of substitutions at KIT codon D816 and PDGFRA codon 842. Notably our data indicate that sorafenib is more effective than imatinib or sunitinib for inhibiting the kinase activity of drug-resistant KIT mutants (as assessed by biochemical IC50). We hypothesize that a major determinant of the efficacy of sorafenib for treatment of advanced GIST is the activity of this agent against KIT or PDGFRA-mutant kinases. These results have implications for the further development of treatments for drug-resistant GIST. Mol Cancer Ther; 11(8); 1770–80. ©2012 AACR.</jats:p