The Arrestin Fold: Variations on a Theme

Endocytosis of ligand-activated plasma membrane receptors has been shown to contribute to the regulation of their downstream signaling. β-arrestins interact with the phosphorylated tail of activated receptors and act as scaffolds for the recruitment of adaptor proteins and clathrin, that constitute the machinery used for receptor endocytosis. Visual- and β-arrestins have a two-lobe, immunoglobulin-like, β-strand sandwich structure. The recent resolution of the crystal structure of VPS26, one of the retromer subunits, unexpectedly evidences an arrestin fold in this protein, which is otherwise unrelated to arrestins. From a functional point of view, VPS26 is involved in the retrograde transport of the mannose 6-P receptor from the endosomes to the trans-Golgi network. In addition to the group of genuine arrestins and Vps26, mammalian cells harbor a vast repertoire of proteins that are related to arrestins on the basis of their PFAM Nter and Cter arrestin- domains, which are named Arrestin Domain- Containing proteins (ADCs). The biological role of ADC proteins is still poorly understood. The three subfamilies have been merged into an arrestin-related protein clan

Recruitment of a lineage-specific virulence regulatory pathway promotes intracellular infection by a plant pathogen experimentally evolved into a legume symbiont

Ajuts: We are grateful to Lidwine Trouilh for helping in NimbleGen microarray hybridizations and Loic Escoriza for mutant construction. J.P.C. and C.C. were supported by the Initiative d'Excellence IDEX UNITI Actions Thématiques Stratégiques program (RHIZOWHEAT 2014) and by the French National Research Agency (ANR-12-ADAP-0014-01). This work was supported by funds from the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (Plant Health and the Environment Division), the French National Research Agency (ANR-12-ADAP-0014-01) and the French Laboratory of Excellence project TULIP (ANR-10-LABX-41). The complete collections of events generated for all the clones from this study are available on the Microscope platform (https://www.genoscope.cns.fr/agc/microscope/expdata/NGSProjectEvo.php, SYMPA tag).Ecological transitions between different lifestyles, such as pathogenicity, mutualism and saprophytism, have been very frequent in the course of microbial evolution, and often driven by horizontal gene transfer. Yet, how genomes achieve the ecological transition initiated by the transfer of complex biological traits remains poorly known. Here we used experimental evolution, genomics, transcriptomics and high-resolution phenotyping to analyze the evolution of the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum into legume symbionts, following the transfer of a natural plasmid encoding the essential mutualistic genes. We show that a regulatory pathway of the recipient R. solanacearum genome involved in extracellular infection of natural hosts was reused to improve intracellular symbiosis with the Mimosa pudica legume. Optimization of intracellular infection capacity was gained through mutations affecting two components of a new regulatory pathway, the transcriptional regulator efpR and a region upstream from the RSc0965-0967 genes of unknown functions. Adaptive mutations caused the downregulation of efpR and the over-expression of a downstream regulatory module, the three unknown genes RSc3146-3148, two of which encoding proteins likely associated to the membrane. This over-expression led to important metabolic and transcriptomic changes and a drastic qualitative and quantitative improvement of nodule intracellular infection. In addition, these adaptive mutations decreased the virulence of the original pathogen. The complete efpR/RSc3146-3148 pathway could only be identified in the genomes of the pathogenic R. solanacearum species complex. Our findings illustrate how the rewiring of a genetic network regulating virulence allows a radically different type of symbiotic interaction and contributes to ecological transitions and trade-offs

FYVE-Dependent Endosomal Targeting of an Arrestin-Related Protein in Amoeba

International audienceBACKGROUND: Visual and β-arrestins are scaffolding proteins involved in the regulation of receptor-dependent intracellular signaling and their trafficking. The arrestin superfamilly includes several arrestin domain-containing proteins and the structurally related protein Vps26. In Dictyostelium discoideum, the arrestin-domain containing proteins form a family of six members, namely AdcA to -F. In contrast to canonical arrestins, Dictyostelium Adc proteins show a more complex architecture, as they possess, in addition to the arrestin core, other domains, such as C2, FYVE, LIM, MIT and SAM, which potentially mediate selective interactions with either lipids or proteins. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A detailed analysis of AdcA has been performed. AdcA extends on both sides of the arrestin core, in particular by a FYVE domain which mediates selective interactions with PI(3)P, as disclosed by intrinsic fluorescence measurements and lipid overlay assays. Localization studies showed an enrichment of tagged- and endogenous AdcA on the rim of early macropinosomes and phagosomes. This vesicular distribution relies on a functional FYVE domain. Our data also show that the arrestin core binds the ADP-ribosylation factor ArfA, the unique amoebal Arf member, in its GDP-bound conformation. SIGNIFICANCE: This work describes one of the 6 arrestin domain-containing proteins of Dictyostelium, a novel and atypical member of the arrestin clan. It provides the basis for a better understanding of arrestin-related protein involvement in trafficking processes and for further studies on the expanding roles of arrestins in eukaryotes

Identification et caractérisation de AdcA, un membre de la famille des arrestines présent chez l'amibe Dictyostelium discoideum.

This work was dedicated to the study of the AdcA protein in Dictyostelium discoideum. AdcA has been dentified through its arrestin domain. Its arrestin core is extended on both sides by several domains among which a FYVE domain and a triplicated histidinerich domain. Subcellular localization studies of the endogenous protein or tagged AdcA forms coupled to the use of various endocytic markers showed that AdcA is present on early endosomes. The study of AdcA's different sub-domains has highlighted a role of the FYVE domain in this localization and a role of the histidine-rich domain in the metal-dependent oligomerization of the protein. My experimental work using an engineered adcA null strain suggests that AdcA could be involved in the recycling pathway going from early endosomes to the plasma membrane. By the use of the yeast two hybrid screen and pull down experiments, I have shown that AdcA is able to interact with the small G protein ArfA. This result fits with a role of AdcA on recycling vesicles where the protein could, in association with ArfA, sort membrane proteins for recycling.Ce travail de thèse a été consacré à l'étude de la protéine AdcA de Dictyostelium discoideum. Cette protéine a été identifiée sur la base de la présence d'un domaine arrestine. Ce coeur arrestine est jouxté par plusieurs domaines dont un motif FYVE et un motif répété trois fois contenant des clusters d'histidines. L'étude de la localisation subcellulaire de AdcA endogène ou de formes étiquetées couplée à l'utilisation de marqueurs de différents compartiments de la voie endocytaire ont permis de mettre en évidence un enrichissement majeur de AdcA au niveau des endosomes précoces. L'étude des différents domaines d'AdcA a mis en lumière le rôle du domaine FYVE dans sa localisation endocytaire et l'implication du domaine N-terminal riche en histidines dans son oligomérisation métal-dépendante. Mes travaux utilisant le mutant adcA nul indique que AdcA pourrait jouer un rôle au niveau d'une voie de recyclage entre les endosomes précoces et la membrane plasmique. Nous avons également pu montrer par des expériences de double hybride et de pull-down que AdcA est capable d'interagir avec la petite protéine G ArfA. Ceci est en accord avec un rôle de AdcA au niveau du recyclage où elle pourrait permettre en association avec ArfA un tri de protéines membranaires dans des vésicules de recyclage

Identification et caractérisation de AdcA, un membre de la famille des arrestines présent chez l'amibe Dictyostelium discoideum.

This work was dedicated to the study of the AdcA protein in Dictyostelium discoideum. AdcA has been dentified through its arrestin domain. Its arrestin core is extended on both sides by several domains among which a FYVE domain and a triplicated histidinerich domain. Subcellular localization studies of the endogenous protein or tagged AdcA forms coupled to the use of various endocytic markers showed that AdcA is present on early endosomes. The study of AdcA's different sub-domains has highlighted a role of the FYVE domain in this localization and a role of the histidine-rich domain in the metal-dependent oligomerization of the protein. My experimental work using an engineered adcA null strain suggests that AdcA could be involved in the recycling pathway going from early endosomes to the plasma membrane. By the use of the yeast two hybrid screen and pull down experiments, I have shown that AdcA is able to interact with the small G protein ArfA. This result fits with a role of AdcA on recycling vesicles where the protein could, in association with ArfA, sort membrane proteins for recycling.Ce travail de thèse a été consacré à l'étude de la protéine AdcA de Dictyostelium discoideum. Cette protéine a été identifiée sur la base de la présence d'un domaine arrestine. Ce coeur arrestine est jouxté par plusieurs domaines dont un motif FYVE et un motif répété trois fois contenant des clusters d'histidines. L'étude de la localisation subcellulaire de AdcA endogène ou de formes étiquetées couplée à l'utilisation de marqueurs de différents compartiments de la voie endocytaire ont permis de mettre en évidence un enrichissement majeur de AdcA au niveau des endosomes précoces. L'étude des différents domaines d'AdcA a mis en lumière le rôle du domaine FYVE dans sa localisation endocytaire et l'implication du domaine N-terminal riche en histidines dans son oligomérisation métal-dépendante. Mes travaux utilisant le mutant adcA nul indique que AdcA pourrait jouer un rôle au niveau d'une voie de recyclage entre les endosomes précoces et la membrane plasmique. Nous avons également pu montrer par des expériences de double hybride et de pull-down que AdcA est capable d'interagir avec la petite protéine G ArfA. Ceci est en accord avec un rôle de AdcA au niveau du recyclage où elle pourrait permettre en association avec ArfA un tri de protéines membranaires dans des vésicules de recyclage

The 2 PAN ATPases from Halobacterium display N-ter heterogeneity and form labile complexes with the 20S proteasome.

International audienceThe PAN proteins from Archaea represent homologs of the eukaryotic 26S proteasome regulatory ATPases. In vitro, the PAN complex has been previously shown to have a stimulatory effect on the peptidase activities of the 20S core. By using gradient ultracentrifugation experiments we found that, in cellular extracts, the 2 PAN proteins from Halobacterium do not form stable high molecular weight complexes. Only PAN B was found to associate transiently with the 20S proteasome, thus suggesting that the 2 PAN proteins are not functionally redundant. The PAN B-20S proteasome complexes associate in an ATP-dependent manner and are stabilized upon nucleotide binding. The 2 PAN were immunodetected in cellular extracts as N-ter truncated polypeptides. RNA mapping experiments and sequence analysis indicated that this process involved transcript heterogeneities and dual translational initiation mechanisms. Taken together, our results suggest that PAN N-ter modifications and their intra cellular dynamics of assembly/association may constitute important determinants of proteolysis regulation

Functional assignment of KEOPS/EKC complex subunits in the biosynthesis of the universal t6A tRNA modification.

International audienceN(6)-threonylcarbamoyladenosine (t(6)A) is a universal tRNA modification essential for normal cell growth and accurate translation. In Archaea and Eukarya, the universal protein Sua5 and the conserved KEOPS/EKC complex together catalyze t(6)A biosynthesis. The KEOPS/EKC complex is composed of Kae1, a universal metalloprotein belonging to the ASHKA superfamily of ATPases; Bud32, an atypical protein kinase and two small proteins, Cgi121 and Pcc1. In this study, we investigated the requirement and functional role of KEOPS/EKC subunits for biosynthesis of t(6)A. We demonstrated that Pcc1, Kae1 and Bud32 form a minimal functional unit, whereas Cgi121 acts as an allosteric regulator. We confirmed that Pcc1 promotes dimerization of the KEOPS/EKC complex and uncovered that together with Kae1, it forms the tRNA binding core of the complex. Kae1 binds l-threonyl-carbamoyl-AMP intermediate in a metal-dependent fashion and transfers the l-threonyl-carbamoyl moiety to substrate tRNA. Surprisingly, we found that Bud32 is regulated by Kae1 and does not function as a protein kinase but as a P-loop ATPase possibly involved in tRNA dissociation. Overall, our data support a mechanistic model in which the final step in the biosynthesis of t(6)A relies on a strictly catalytic component, Kae1, and three partner proteins necessary for dimerization, tRNA binding and regulation

Parallel Changes in Global Protein Profiles During Long-Term Experimental Evolution in Escherichia coli

Twelve populations of Escherichia coli evolved in and adapted to a glucose-limited environment from a common ancestor. We used two-dimensional protein electrophoresis to compare two evolved clones, isolated from independently derived populations after 20,000 generations. Exceptional parallelism was detected. We compared the observed changes in protein expression profiles with previously characterized global transcription profiles of the same clones; this is the first time such a comparison has been made in an evolutionary context where these changes are often quite subtle. The two methodologies exhibited some remarkable similarities that highlighted two different levels of parallel regulatory changes that were beneficial during the evolution experiment. First, at the higher level, both methods revealed extensive parallel changes in the same global regulatory network, reflecting the involvement of beneficial mutations in genes that control the ppGpp regulon. Second, both methods detected expression changes of identical gene sets that reflected parallel changes at a lower level of gene regulation. The protein profiles led to the discovery of beneficial mutations affecting the malT gene, with strong genetic parallelism across independently evolved populations. Functional and evolutionary analyses of these mutations revealed parallel phenotypic decreases in the maltose regulon expression and a high level of polymorphism at this locus in the evolved populations

Recruitment of a lineage-specific virulence regulatory pathway promotes intracellular infection by a plant pathogen experimentally evolved into a legume symbiont

Ajuts: We are grateful to Lidwine Trouilh for helping in NimbleGen microarray hybridizations and Loic Escoriza for mutant construction. J.P.C. and C.C. were supported by the Initiative d'Excellence IDEX UNITI Actions Thématiques Stratégiques program (RHIZOWHEAT 2014) and by the French National Research Agency (ANR-12-ADAP-0014-01). This work was supported by funds from the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (Plant Health and the Environment Division), the French National Research Agency (ANR-12-ADAP-0014-01) and the French Laboratory of Excellence project TULIP (ANR-10-LABX-41). The complete collections of events generated for all the clones from this study are available on the Microscope platform (https://www.genoscope.cns.fr/agc/microscope/expdata/NGSProjectEvo.php, SYMPA tag).Ecological transitions between different lifestyles, such as pathogenicity, mutualism and saprophytism, have been very frequent in the course of microbial evolution, and often driven by horizontal gene transfer. Yet, how genomes achieve the ecological transition initiated by the transfer of complex biological traits remains poorly known. Here we used experimental evolution, genomics, transcriptomics and high-resolution phenotyping to analyze the evolution of the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum into legume symbionts, following the transfer of a natural plasmid encoding the essential mutualistic genes. We show that a regulatory pathway of the recipient R. solanacearum genome involved in extracellular infection of natural hosts was reused to improve intracellular symbiosis with the Mimosa pudica legume. Optimization of intracellular infection capacity was gained through mutations affecting two components of a new regulatory pathway, the transcriptional regulator efpR and a region upstream from the RSc0965-0967 genes of unknown functions. Adaptive mutations caused the downregulation of efpR and the over-expression of a downstream regulatory module, the three unknown genes RSc3146-3148, two of which encoding proteins likely associated to the membrane. This over-expression led to important metabolic and transcriptomic changes and a drastic qualitative and quantitative improvement of nodule intracellular infection. In addition, these adaptive mutations decreased the virulence of the original pathogen. The complete efpR/RSc3146-3148 pathway could only be identified in the genomes of the pathogenic R. solanacearum species complex. Our findings illustrate how the rewiring of a genetic network regulating virulence allows a radically different type of symbiotic interaction and contributes to ecological transitions and trade-offs