Influence of filter medium type, temperature and ammonia production on nitrifying trickling filters performance

[EN] This work focuses on the achieving of optimal design and modelling of nitrifying trickling filters for closed circuit aquaculture turbot (Psetta maxima) farms. Several process parameters influential in nitrifying filtration were established on experimental biofilters and their efficiency was tested, based on the removal of nitrogen contained in total ammonia nitrogen (N-TAN) in a fixed time (24 h). Those process parameters were filter media types (Type A Biofill®, BactoBalls® and MECHpro® rings), temperatures (24.3 °C, 19.0 °C, 15.3 °C) and production of TAN (1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 g per day) while other process parameters values remained constant. TAN production was simulated with the addition of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) in the recirculation system. Constant measuring of the total ammonia nitrogen concentration in the biofilter effluent was required to perform a model of N-TAN fluctuation based on a specific feeding regime and to ascertain performance differences between biofilters. At the end of the experiment, notable differences were observed in the ammonia removal rates depending on different process parameters. The BactoBalls® filter medium led to the highest mean N-TAN removal rates (0.24 g N-TAN removed m−2 day−1). The N-TAN removal rate generally increased with higher temperatures, the trials with the highest mean temperature (24.3 °C) led to the highest mean N-TAN removal rate (0.26 g N-TAN removed m−2 day−1). Similarly, the N-TAN removal rate increased with high TAN production. The trials in which production was 4.5 g per day showed the highest N-TAN mean removal rate (0.27 g N-TAN removed m−2 day−1).This research work is included in the national project "Design of a recirculating aquaculture system for aquaculture plants (2011-2014)" financed by Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain.Godoy-Olmos, S.; Martínez-Llorens, S.; Tomas-Vidal, A.; Jover Cerda, M. (2016). Influence of filter medium type, temperature and ammonia production on nitrifying trickling filters performance. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 4(1):328-340. doi:10.1016/j.jece.2015.11.023S3283404

Settling velocity and total ammonia nitrogen leaching from commercial feed and faecal pellets of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L. 1758) and seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax L. 1758)

The physico-chemical characteristics of particulate wastes of Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax were investigted. Changes in dimensions, settling velocity and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) leached from commercial feed pellets was investigated after soaking. Also, the settling velocity and TAN leached from faecal pellets of these fish were assessed at 15 and 25ºC. The settling velocity of feed pellets was influenced positively by pellet weight and negatively by immersion length as a result of changes in pellet dimensions after soaking. The settling velocity of faecal pellets was determined by pellet weight. The experimental design did not allow identifying any consistent effect of water temperature on settling velocity. TAN leaching over time from feed and faecal pellets was successfully explained by means of a first order kinetic equation. For feed pellets, water temperature significantly affected the speed of the process and the time at which the maximum TAN leached was reached, but did not influence the maximum TAN leached. Leaching was related to feed pellet size, so the smaller the pellet, the higher the leaching. TAN leaching from faecal pellets was greater per unit weight than in feed pellets. However neither water temperature nor fish species influenced on TAN leaching from faeces

Influence of temperature, ammonia load and hydraulic loading on the performance of nitrifying trickling filters for recirculating aquaculture systems

[EN] In recirculating aquaculture systems, performance of nitrifying biofilters for total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) removal from the culture water and thus minimizing eutrophication depends on numerous elements of design. In this article the combined effect of three of these process parameters (temperature, hydraulic loading and TAN load) is evaluated. Ammonia removal rates (N-TAN divided by biofiltration area and day) were measured for every combination of five different temperatures, three different hydraulic loadings and three different ammonia loads. Every one of the process parameters were influential on nitrification rates and the lowest process parameters values corresponded with significantly lower N-TAN removal rates. A significantly higher mean N-TAN removal rate (0.241 gN-TAN removed m¿2 day-1) was found for the combination of the highest water temperature (27¿°C), the highest hydraulic loading (11 m3¿m¿2¿h-1) and the highest TAN load (9 gTAN m-3 day-1), suggesting a positive synergy of the three process parameters on the achievement of greater biofilter performances.This research work was made possible by the funding of the national project "Design of a recirculating aquaculture system for aquaculture plants (2011-2014)" by Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain.Godoy-Olmos, S.; Martínez-Llorens, S.; Tomas-Vidal, A.; Monge-Ortiz, R.; Estruch-Cucarella, G.; Jover Cerda, M. (2019). Influence of temperature, ammonia load and hydraulic loading on the performance of nitrifying trickling filters for recirculating aquaculture systems. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 7(4):1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103257S187

Environmental effects of a marine fish farm of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) in the NW Mediterranean Sea on water column and sediment

This study examined the effects of organic enrichment on water column, sediments and macrofauna caused by a fish farm in the Mediterranean Sea. Samples were collected on four sampling campaigns over a one-year cycle. Significant differences were found in the water column in dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phosphate and total phosphorus concentrations between the fish farm and the control. The increase in the dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate concentrations at the fish farm modified the stoichiometric ratios between nutrients, with silicate acting as limiting nutrient at the fish farm 11% more than at the control. Nevertheless, chlorophyll a concentration in the water column was higher at the control station, probably due to the fouling of the underwater fish farm structures. Significant differences were found in sediment concentrations of organic matter, total phosphorus and redox potential between the fish farm and the control. The Canonical Correlation Analysis indicated that organic matter, total phosphorus, redox potential and% of gravels accounted for 68.9% of the total variance in the species data. Changes were observed in macrofauna, with a decrease in number of species and up to a nine-fold increase in abundance with respect to the control. © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.We would like to thank the Caja del Mediterraneo (CAM) for a pre-doctoral fellowship fund for this research and Antonio Asuncion Acuigroup Maremar Manager, for the facilities and support in conducting the study. The translation of this paper was funded by the Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Spain.Morata Higón, T.; Falco Giaccaglia, SL.; Gadea, I.; Sospedra Ciscar, J.; Rodilla Alamá, M. (2013). Environmental effects of a marine fish farm of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) in the NW Mediterranean Sea on water column and sediment. Aquaculture Research. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12159S116Aguado F. 2001 Impacto ambiental de los sistemas piscícolas marinos: la acuicultura en jaulas flotantes. Series de química oceanográfica 35 83Aguado-Giménez, F., & García-García, B. (2004). Assessment of some chemical parameters in marine sediments exposed to offshore cage fish farming influence: a pilot study. Aquaculture, 242(1-4), 283-295. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2004.08.035Aksu M. Kocatas A. 2007 Environmental effects of the three fish farms in Izmir Bay (Aegean Sea-Turkey) on water column and sediment 414Asociación Empresarial de Productores de Cultivos Marinos (APROMAR) 2011 La Acuicultura Marina de Peces en España 77Banta, G., Holmer, M., Jensen, M., & Kristensen, E. (1999). Effects of two polychaete worms, Nereis diversicolor and Arenicola marina, on aerobic and anaerobic decomposition in a sandy marine sediment. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 19, 189-204. doi:10.3354/ame019189Borja, Á., Rodríguez, J. G., Black, K., Bodoy, A., Emblow, C., Fernandes, T. F., … Angel, D. (2009). Assessing the suitability of a range of benthic indices in the evaluation of environmental impact of fin and shellfish aquaculture located in sites across Europe. Aquaculture, 293(3-4), 231-240. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.04.037Braeckman, U., Provoost, P., Gribsholt, B., Van Gansbeke, D., Middelburg, J., Soetaert, K., … Vanaverbeke, J. (2010). Role of macrofauna functional traits and density in biogeochemical fluxes and bioturbation. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 399, 173-186. doi:10.3354/meps08336Chou, C. L., Haya, K., Paon, L. A., Burridge, L., & Moffatt, J. D. (2002). Aquaculture-related trace metals in sediments and lobsters and relevance to environmental monitoring program ratings for near-field effects. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44(11), 1259-1268. doi:10.1016/s0025-326x(02)00219-9Christensen, P., Rysgaard, S., Sloth, N., Dalsgaard, T., & Schwærter, S. (2000). 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(1997). Environmental risk from dissolved ivermectin to marine organisms. Aquaculture, 158(3-4), 263-275. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(97)00209-3Dean, R. J., Shimmield, T. M., & Black, K. D. (2007). Copper, zinc and cadmium in marine cage fish farm sediments: An extensive survey. Environmental Pollution, 145(1), 84-95. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.03.050Delgado, O., Ruiz, J., Pérez, M., Romero, J., & Ballesteros, E. (1999). Effects of fish farming on seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) in a Mediterranean bay: seagrass decline after organic loading cessation. Oceanologica Acta, 22(1), 109-117. doi:10.1016/s0399-1784(99)80037-1Dell’Anno, A., Mei, M. ., Pusceddu, A., & Danovaro, R. (2002). Assessing the trophic state and eutrophication of coastal marine systems: a new approach based on the biochemical composition of sediment organic matter. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44(7), 611-622. doi:10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00302-2Ferrón, S., Ortega, T., & Forja, J. M. (2009). Benthic fluxes in a tidal salt marsh creek affected by fish farm activities: Río San Pedro (Bay of Cádiz, SW Spain). Marine Chemistry, 113(1-2), 50-62. doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2008.12.002Garren, M., Smriga, S., & Azam, F. (2008). Gradients of coastal fish farm effluents and their effect on coral reef microbes. Environmental Microbiology, 10(9), 2299-2312. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01654.xHolmer, M., & Kristensen, E. (1992). Impact of marine fish cage farming on metabolism and sulfate reduction of underlying sediments. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 80, 191-201. doi:10.3354/meps080191Holmer, M., Wildish, D., & Hargrave, B. (s. f.). Organic Enrichment from Marine Finfish Aquaculture and Effects on Sediment Biogeochemical Processes. Environmental Effects of Marine Finfish Aquaculture, 181-206. doi:10.1007/b136010Huang, Y., Hsieh, H., Huang, S., Meng, P., Chen, Y., Keshavmurthy, S., … Chen, C. (2011). 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Exchange of nutrients and oxygen across the sediment–water interface below a Sparus aurata marine fish farm in the north-western Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 12(10), 1623-1632. doi:10.1007/s11368-012-0581-2Murray L. Bulling M. Mayor D. Sanz-Lázaro C. Paton G. Killham K. Sosal M. 2008 Interactive effects of biodiversity, copper and a chemotherapeutant on marine benthic function Proceedings of the World Conference on Marine Biodiversity (MARBEF) Valencia, SpainNizzoli, D., Bartoli, M., & Viaroli, P. (2007). Oxygen and ammonium dynamics during a farming cycle of the bivalve Tapes philippinarum. Hydrobiologia, 587(1), 25-36. doi:10.1007/s10750-007-0683-9Olivos-Ortiz, A. (2002). Continental runoff of nutrients and their possible influence over stoichiometrical relations (DIN:P:Si) in the Northwest Mediterranean waters. Ciencias Marinas, 28(4), 393-406. doi:10.7773/cm.v28i4.235Olsen L.M. Holmer M. Olsen Y. 2008 Perspectives of nutrient emission from fish aquaculture in coastal waters. Literature review with evaluated state of knowledge 87Oppedal, F., Juell, J.-E., & Johansson, D. (2007). Thermo- and photoregulatory swimming behaviour of caged Atlantic salmon: Implications for photoperiod management and fish welfare. Aquaculture, 265(1-4), 70-81. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.01.050Pinedo, S., García, M., Satta, M. P., Torres, M. de, & Ballesteros, E. (2007). Rocky-shore communities as indicators of water quality: A case study in the Northwestern Mediterranean. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 55(1-6), 126-135. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.08.044Porrello, S., Tomassetti, P., Manzueto, L., Finoia, M. G., Persia, E., Mercatali, I., & Stipa, P. (2005). The influence of marine cages on the sediment chemistry in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Aquaculture, 249(1-4), 145-158. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.02.042Rosenberg, R. (2001). 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Exchange of nutrients and oxygen across the sediment-water interface below a Sparus aurata marine fish farm in the north-western Mediterranean Sea

Purpose: This study analyzes the effects of aquaculture activities in open seawater in the north-western coastal waters of the Mediterranean Sea. It is the first of its kind to be based on benthic flux data gathered in situ below fish farms for this particular area. Materials and methods: Samples were collected on four sampling campaigns over a 1-year cycle under a Sparus aurata fish farm facility where benthic fluxes were measured in situ using light and dark benthic chambers. Bottom water and sediment samples were also collected. Data were compared to those for a nearby control station. Results and discussion: Significant differences were found (ANOVA, p < 0. 05) between concentrations of organic matter (OM), total phosphorus and redox potentials in sediments located under the cages and those of the control station. The consumption of dissolved oxygen (DO) by sediment and positive ammonium (NH4 +) fluxes was stimulated by OM content, with correlations of r = -0. 60 (p < 0. 01) and r = 0. 70 (p < 0. 01), respectively. The OM content of sediments was found to be consistently higher under the cages than at the control station, with the highest value (1. 8 ± 0. 7 %) under the cages observed during the early summer; values of DO and NH4 + fluxes were -64 ± 17 and 12. 7 ± 1. 0 mmol m-2 day-1, respectively. PO4 3- fluxes were consistently higher in the fish farm sediments (between 0. 58 and 0. 98 mmol m-2 day-1) than those observed at the control station. Nitrate (NO3 -) fluxes were found to be consistently negative due to denitrification occurring in the sediments and were related to the concentration of NO3 - in bottom waters (r = 0. 92, p < 0. 01). Si fluxes were shown to be associated with water temperature (r = 0. 59, p < 0. 05). Conclusions: The results imply that sediments located below cages accumulate organic matter originating from aquaculture activities, especially during summer months when this activity increases. Sediments undergo biogeochemical changes that mainly affect fluxes of DO, NH4 + and soluble reactive phosphorus, although these do not seem to have a significant impact on the quality of the water column due to the hydrodynamic characteristics of the area. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.We would like to thank the Caja del Mediterraneo for a predoctoral fellowship fund for this research and Antonio Asuncion Acuigroup Maremar manager for the facilities and support in conducting the study. The translation of this paper was funded by the Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Spain. We are grateful for the valuable comments of the anonymous reviewers on previous versions of the manuscript.Morata Higón, T.; Sospedra, J.; Falco Giaccaglia, SL.; Rodilla Alama, M. (2012). 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Protein requirement for Trichogaster lalius, blue variety

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the protein requirement of juvenile Trichogaster lalius, blue variety. The experimental design was of randomised blocks (B1 = initial weight of 1.04±0.05 g and B2 = 1.36±0.02 g), with two replicates within each block and five treatments (230, 270, 310, 350 and 390 g CP/kg diet). The fish were fed to satiation, three times a day for 90 days. The study evaluated: survival rate, weight gain, final length, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, specific growth rate and condition factor. There was a linear effect of dietary protein levels for protein efficiency ratio, specific growth rate (positive linear effect) and feed conversion ratio (negative linear effect). For weight gain, final length, feed intake and condition factor a quadratic effect of dietary protein levels was observed, with estimated values of 409.8, 366.2, 317.4 and 365.0 g CP/kg diet, to improve their performance parameters. Analysis of growth based on the length of the fish shows that 366.2 g of CP/kg diet meets the protein requirement of juvenile Trichogaster lalius, blue variety

Les épitaphes et la littérature funéraire de langue latine dans l’Italie normande (1085-1189)

Dans l’Occident des XIe et XIIe siècles, la littérature funéraire de langue latine est représentée essentiellement par les épitaphes, les plaintes (planctus) et les éloges funèbres. Ces trois genres, qui ont pour but commun de sauvegarder de l’oubli la mémoire d’un défunt, concernent le plus souvent un éminent personnage : roi, prince, grand seigneur, saint abbé, dignitaire de l’Église, ou encore guerrier valeureux ; mais semblables dans l’intention, ils diffèrent dans la forme, chacun suivan..