Rente mit 67 - Probleme und Herausforderungen aus gesundheitswissenschaftlicher Sicht

Beschäftigte in Deutschland sollen künftig bis 67 arbeiten. Doch bereits in der Altersgruppe zwischen 45 und 65 werden viele Menschen durch die Belastungen im Job krank, zeigt die internationale Forschung.Die gute Nachricht für ältere Beschäftigte ist: Wer einen dauerhaften Job hat, ist im Schnitt gesünder als ein langzeitarbeitsloser Mensch. Doch zugleich gibt es eine ausgeprägte Krankheitslast in der erwerbstätigen Bevölkerung. Und die wächst insbesondere im höheren Lebensalter. So erleiden beispielsweise Männer zwischen 50 bis 59 Jahren dreimal häufiger einen Herzinfarkt als in der Altersgruppe von 40 bis 49.Welchen Anteil an diesen Risiken haben Belastungen aus dem Arbeitsleben oder welcher Anteil ergibt sich aus 'normalen' Alterseffekten? Dieser Frage ist die vorliegende Untersuchung nachgegangen. Sie kommt in der Zusammenschau zahlreicher internationaler Studien zu dem Schluss, dass bestimmte Arbeitsbelastungen durchgehend signifikante Effekte auf die Häufigkeit von Erkrankungen bei älteren Beschäftigten und die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Frühverrentung haben. Dies gilt sowohl für körperliche Belastungen, wie Lärm oder schwere körperliche Arbeit, für langjährige Schichtarbeit mit Nachtarbeit, sowie für psychosoziale Belastungen, die in Form von Dauerstress von der neueren Forschung identifiziert worden sind. Sie erhöhen das Risiko stressassoziierter Krankheiten wie Herzinfarkt oder Depression bei den Betroffenen deutlich. Rein rechnerisch kann etwa ein Fünftel dieser Krankheitslast den Belastungen des Arbeitslebens zugerechnet werden.Entsprechende Maßnahmen betrieblicher und überbetrieblicher Gesundheitsförderung, die bei der Verbesserung von Arbeitsbedingungen ansetzen, sind daher geeignet, den Erkrankungsrisiken älterer Beschäftigter vorzubeugen. Hier bleibt allerdings noch viel zu tun. Zunächst ist es wichtig, sich der besonderen Gefährdung gerade älterer Beschäftigter bewusst zu werden und die arbeitsbedingten Quellen im jeweiligen Betrieb zu erkennen. Aufbauen auf eine solche Analyse der Risiken können dann gezielte Maßnahmen ergriffen werden. Hierzu zählt etwa die Gestaltung altersgerechter Arbeitsabläufe, wie der Flexibilisierung von Arbeitsaufgaben oder der Begrenzung der Zeit in besonders belastenden Arbeitsumständen. Wichtig ist es zudem ältere Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter nicht von betrieblichen Entwicklungen abzukoppeln, sondern Möglichkeiten der Weiterbildung produktiv zu nutzen

Early Adversity and Late Life Employment History—A Sequence Analysis Based on SHARE

Numerous studies have linked poor socioeconomic circumstances during working life with early retirement. Few studies, however, have summarized entire patterns of employment histories and tested their links to social position at earlier stages of the life course. Therefore, this article summarizes types of late life employment histories and tests their associations with adversity both during childhood and early adulthood. We use data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) with retrospective life history data on 5,857 older men and women across 14 countries. Employment histories are studied with annual information on the employment situation between ages 50 and 70. To summarize employment histories we apply sequence analysis and group histories into 8 clusters with similar histories. Most of these clusters are dominated by full-time employees, with retirement before, at or after age 60. Additionally, we find clusters that are dominated by self-employment and comparatively late retirement. The remaining clusters are marked by part-time work, continuous domestic work, or discontinuous histories that include unemployment before retirement. Results of multinomial regressions (accounting for country affiliation and adjusted for potential confounders) show that early adversity is linked to full-time employment ending in retirement at age 60 or earlier and to discontinuous histories (in the case of women), but not to histories of self-employment. In sum, we find that histories of employees with early retirement and discontinuous histories are part of larger trajectories of disadvantage throughout the life course, supporting the idea of cumulative disadvantage in life course research

Depressive symptoms and psychosocial stress at work among older employees in three continents

BACKGROUND: To assess whether an association of psychosocial stress at work with depressive symptoms among older employees is evident in a set of comparable empirical studies from Europe, North America and Asia. METHODS: Cross-sectional and longitudinal multivariate regression analyses of data from 4 cohort studies with elder workers (2004 and 2006) testing associations of psychosocial stress at work (‘effort-reward imbalance’; ‘low control’) with depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Cross-sectional analyses from 17 countries with 14.236 participants reveal elevated odds ratios of depressive symptoms among people experiencing high work stress compared to those with low or no work stress. Adjusted odds ratios vary from 1.64 (95% CI 1.02-2.63) in Japan to 1.97 (95% CI 1.75-2.23) in Europe and 2.28 (95% CI 1.59-3.28) in the USA. Odds ratios from additional longitudinal analyses (in 13 countries) controlling for baseline depression are smaller, but remain in part significant. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that psychosocial stress at work might be a relevant risk factor for depressive symptoms among older employees across countries and continents. This observation may call for global policy efforts to improve quality of work in view of a rapidly aging workforce, in particular in times of economic globalization

Long-Term Reward Patterns Contribute to Personal Goals at Work Among Finnish Managers

The research addresses the impact of long-term reward patterns on contents of personal work goals among young Finnish managers (N = 747). Reward patterns were formed on the basis of perceived and objective career rewards (i.e., career stability and promotions) across four measurements (years 2006 –2012). Goals were measured in 2012 and classified into categories of competence, progression, well-being, job change, job security, organization, and financial goals. The factor mixture analysis identified a three-class solution as the best model of reward patterns: High rewards (77%); Increasing rewards (17%); and Reducing rewards (7%). Participants with Reducing rewards reported more progression, well-being, job change and financial goals than participants with High rewards as well as fewer competence and organizational goals than participants with Increasing rewards. Workplace resources can be in a key role in facilitating goals towards building competence and organizational performance

TZ logger. A multi-platform TEE logger

LAUREA MAGISTRALEI Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs, Ambienti di esecuzione sicura) sono comunemente usati per gestire dati ed operazioni sensibili nei dispositivi mobili. Un TEE è un ambiente di esecuzione separato che fornisce un piccolo insieme di servizi. Questi servizi possono continuare la loro esecuzione senza essere compromessi anche quando il sistema operativo (OS, operative system) principale, chiamato anche "_ricco_" ( Rich ), è completamente compromesso. Nei sistemi Android, le TEEs sono tipicamente implementate usando la tecnologia ARM TrustZone, mentre il sistema operative principale è basato su Linux. Teoricamente, un malintenzionato capace di compromettere completamente il Rich OS di un dispositivo non dovrebbe essere in grado di interferire con le operazioni gestite dal TEE. Tuttavia, è stato mostrato che, in casi specifici [][#broken_fingers], un malintenzionato in grado di compromettere completamente il Rich OS ( ottenendo esecuzione arbitraria al livello del kernel ) può manomettere il canale di comunicazione tra il Rich OS ed il TEE, e, di conseguenza, interferire con i servizi e le periferiche gestite dal TEE. Per esempio, consideriamo la funzionalità di sblocco con impronta digitale supportato da molti dispositivi moderni. La scansione e confronto dell'impronta sono completamente gestiti dal TEE e perciò fuori dalla portata del nostro modello di attaccante. Tuttavia, quando TEE riconosce che un utente legittimo ha toccato il sensore, un messaggio costante viene inviato dal TEE al Rich OS, il quale procede allo sblocco del dispositivo. Siccome il messaggio è costante (i.e., nessuna firma crittografica è generata dal TEE per confermare l'autore del messaggio di sblocco ), un malintenzionato che ha completamente compromesso il Rich OS può facilmente falsificare questo messaggio e sbloccare il dispositivo senza che un utente legittimo abbia toccato il sensore. L'obiettivo principale della nostra ricerca è dimostrare che molte delle funzionalità offerte dai TEEs non sono resistenti ad un attacco con permessi di esecuzione nel kernel del Rich OS. Con questo scopo, svilupperemo un modulo per il kernel che intercetta e registra tutti i messaggi scambiati tra TEE ed il Rich OS. Questi registri verranno poi utilizzati per studiare i dati scambiati, cercando casi problematici in modo semi-automatico. In particolar modo, la nostra intuizione è che i casi problematici ( come quello precedentemente menzionato della funzionalità di sblocco con impronta digitale ) possono essere automaticamente evidenziati analizzando i registri e rilevando risposte costanti dal TEE al Rich OS, poiché l'attaccante può facilmente manomettere questi messaggi. Implementeremo il nostro logger ( registratore ), chiamato **TZ Logger**, in maniera modulare ed estensibile che permetta di ispezionare e modificare i dati scambiati con il TEE. La sua architettura permette di adattarsi velocemente a diversi dispositivi e versioni del sistema operativo. Esso consente inoltre di scrivere rapidamente dei moduli “dissector” per deserializzare alcuni tipi specifici di messaggi scambiati tra il Rich OS e TEE ( e.g., messaggi crittografici, messaggi relativi al sensore delle impronte digitali, ... ) e dei moduli “patcher” che si occupano di mutare i messaggi scambiati a piacere. Siamo riusciti ad utilizzare un prototipo preliminare di **TZ Logger** per dimostrare con successo che un attaccante con esecuzione di codice nel kernel può sbloccare il dispositivo. Questo senza che un utente legittimo scansioni la propria impronta digitale e senza aver compromesso il codice all'interno del TEE.Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) are commonly used to handle security-sensitive data and operations in mobile devices. A TEE is a separate execution environment that provides a small set of services. These services can run uncompromised even when the main (rich) OS has been entirely compromised. In Android systems, TEEs are typically implemented using the ARM TrustZone technology and the main OS is based on Linux. In theory, an attacker able to fully compromise the main OS of a device should not be able to interfere with operations handled by the TEE. However, it has been shown that, in specific cases [][#broken_fingers], an attacker able to fully compromise the main OS (a kernel-level attacker) can tamper the communication channel between the main OS and the TEE, and, consequently, interfere with TEE-managed services and peripherals. For instance, consider the case of the fingerprint-unlock functionality supported by many modern devices. The fingerprint scanning and matching operations are fully handled by the TEE and therefore out of scope in our attacker’s model. However, when the TEE detects that a legitimate user touched the sensor, a constant message is sent from the TEE to the main OS, which proceeds in unlocking the device. Since this message is constant (i.e., no cryptographic signature is generated by the TEE to “attest” the “unlock the device” message), an attacker that has compromised the main OS can easily spoof this message and unlock the device without having a legitimate user touching the sensor. The primary goal of our research is to prove that many TEE features are not resistant against a kernel-level attacker. To this aim, we are planning to build a kernel module that intercepts and logs all the messages exchanged between the TEE and the main OS. These logs will then be used to study exchanged data, looking for problematic cases in a semi-automatic way. Specifically, our intuition is that problematic cases (such as the previously mentioned fingerprint-unlock functionality) can be automatically pinpointed by analysing the logs and detecting constant replies from the TEE to the OS since an attacker can easily spoof these constant replies. We are planning to implement our logger, called **TZ Logger**, as a modular and extensible system to inspect and change the data exchanged with a TEE on-the-fly. **TZ Logger**’s design allows to adapt it to different devices and operating system versions easily. Additionally, it allows to quickly write “dissector” modules to de-serialise specific types of messages exchanged by the OS and the TEE (e.g., cryptographic-related messages, fingerprint- sensor-related messages, ...) and “patcher” modules to mutate at will exchanged messages. We used a preliminary prototype of **TZ Logger** to successfully showcase that a kernel-level attacker can unlock a device, without having a legitimate user touching the fingerprint reader sensor and without compromising the TEE’s code

Work-related stress in a humanitarian context: a qualitative investigation

There is a paucity of research into the subjective stress-related experiences of humanitarian aid workers (HAWs). Most studies investigating stress in HAWs focus on trauma and related conditions or adopt a quantitative approach. This interview-based study explored how HAWs (n=58) employed by a United Nations aligned organisation perceived the transactional stress process. Thematic analysis revealed eight main themes. An emergency culture was found where most employees felt compelled to offer an immediate response to humanitarian needs. Employees experienced a strong identification with humanitarian goals and reported high engagement. The rewards of humanitarian work were perceived as motivating and meaningful. Constant change and urgent demands resulted in work overload. Managing work-life boundaries and receiving positive support from colleagues and managers helped buffer perceived stress, work overload and negative health outcomes. The practical implications of the results are discussed and suggestions made in light of current research and stress theory

WHO/ILO work-related burden of disease and injury: Protocol for systematic reviews of exposure to long working hours and of the effect of exposure to long working hours on depression

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) are developing a joint methodology for estimating the national and global work-related burden of disease and injury (WHO/ILO joint methodology), with contributions from a large network of experts. In this paper, we present the protocol for two systematic reviews of parameters for estimating the number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years from depression attributable to exposure to long working hours, to inform the development of the WHO/ILO joint methodology. Objectives: We aim to systematically review studies on occupational exposure to long working hours (Systematic Review 1) and systematically review and meta-analyse estimates of the effect of long working hours on depression (Systematic Review 2), applying the Navigation Guide systematic review methodology as an organizing framework, conducting both systematic reviews in tandem and in a harmonized way. Data sources: Separately for Systematic Reviews 1 and 2, we will search electronic academic databases for potentially relevant records from published and unpublished studies, including Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, CISDOC and PsycINFO. We will also search electronic grey literature databases, Internet search engines and organizational websites; hand search reference list of previous systematic reviews and included study records; and consult additional experts. Study eligibility and criteria: We will include working-age (≥15 years) participants in the formal and informal economy in any WHO and/or ILO Member State, but exclude child workers (<15 years) and unpaid domestic workers. For Systematic Review 1, we will include quantitative prevalence studies of relevant levels of occupational exposure to long working hours (i.e. 35–40, 41–48, 49–54 and ≥55 h/week) stratified by country, sex, age and industrial sector or occupation, in the years 2005–2018. For Systematic Review 2, we will include randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies and other non-randomized intervention studies with an estimate of the relative effect of relevant level(s) of long working hours on the incidence of or mortality due to depression, compared with the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (i.e. 35–40 h/week). Study appraisal and synthesis methods: At least two review authors will independently screen titles and abstracts against the eligibility criteria at a first stage and full texts of potentially eligible records at a second stage, followed by extraction of data from qualifying studies. At least two review authors will assess risk of bias and the quality of evidence, using the most suited tools currently available. For Systematic Review 2, if feasible, we will combine relative risks using meta-analysis. We will report results using the guidelines for accurate and transparent health estimates reporting (GATHER) for Systematic Review 1 and the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines (PRISMA) for Systematic Review 2. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42018085729The publication was prepared with financial support from the World Health Organization cooperative agreement with the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the United States of America on implementing Resolution WHA 60.26 “Workers' Health: Global Plan of Action” (Grant 1 E11 OH0010676-02)

Dal portafoglio fisico al mobile wallet : le opportunità per gli attori italiani

LAUREA MAGISTRAL

Effort-Reward Imbalance at Work and Incident Coronary Heart Disease: A Multicohort Study of 90,164 Individuals.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic evidence for work stress as a risk factor for coronary heart disease is mostly based on a single measure of stressful work known as job strain, a combination of high demands and low job control. We examined whether a complementary stress measure that assesses an imbalance between efforts spent at work and rewards received predicted coronary heart disease. METHODS: This multicohort study (the "IPD-Work" consortium) was based on harmonized individual-level data from 11 European prospective cohort studies. Stressful work in 90,164 men and women without coronary heart disease at baseline was assessed by validated effort-reward imbalance and job strain questionnaires. We defined incident coronary heart disease as the first nonfatal myocardial infarction or coronary death. Study-specific estimates were pooled by random effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: At baseline, 31.7% of study members reported effort-reward imbalance at work and 15.9% reported job strain. During a mean follow-up of 9.8 years, 1,078 coronary events were recorded. After adjustment for potential confounders, a hazard ratio of 1.16 (95% confidence interval, 1.00-1.35) was observed for effort-reward imbalance compared with no imbalance. The hazard ratio was 1.16 (1.01-1.34) for having either effort-reward imbalance or job strain and 1.41 (1.12-1.76) for having both these stressors compared to having neither effort-reward imbalance nor job strain. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with effort-reward imbalance at work have an increased risk of coronary heart disease, and this appears to be independent of job strain experienced. These findings support expanding focus beyond just job strain in future research on work stress

Job strain and the risk of severe asthma exacerbations : a meta-analysis of individual-participant data from 100 000 European men and women

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