The Role of Bile in the Regulation of Exocrine Pancreatic Secretion

As early as 1926 Mellanby (1) was able to show that introduction of bile into the duodenum of anesthetized cats produces a copious flow of pancreatic juice. In conscious dogs, Ivy & Lueth (2) reported, bile is only a weak stimulant of pancreatic secretion. Diversion of bile from the duodenum, however, did not influence pancreatic volume secretion stimulated by a meal (3,4). Moreover, Thomas & Crider (5) observed that bile not only failed to stimulate the secretion of pancreatic juice but also abolished the pancreatic response to intraduodenally administered peptone or soap

Effect of Intraduodenal Bile and Na-Taurodeoxycholate on Exocrine Pancreatic Secretion and on Plasma Levels of Secretin, Pancreatic Polypeptide, and Gastrin in Man

The effect of intraduodenally administered cattle bile (CB) and Na-taurodeoxycholate (TDC) on basal pancreatic secretion and plasma levels of secretin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and gastrin were investigated on two separate days in 10 fasting volunteers. Doses of 2-6 g CB and 20&600 mg TDC were given intraduodenally at 65-min intervals. Volume, bicarbonate, lipase, trypsin, amylase, and bilirubin were measured in 10-min fractions of duodenal juice, and GI peptides determined by radioimmunoassay. CB and TDC enhanced significantly and dose-dependently volume, bicarbonate and enzyme secretion, and plasma secretin and PP levels. In contrast, plasma gastrin showed only a marginal increase. We conclude that the hydrokinetic effect of intraduodenal CB and TDC is at least partially mediated by secretin. Gastrin could be ruled out as a mediator of the ecbolic effect, whereas other GI peptides, primarily CCK, and/or neural mechanisms must be considered possible mediators. Both pathways may also play a role in the PP release

Alterations of the gastric stump and not resected stomach mucosa after truncal vagotomy in rats

PURPOSE:To evaluate morphological changes of the gastric stump and not resected stomach mucosa after the completion of truncal vagotomy.METHODS:Eighty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: CT, TV, RY and RYTV. In CT group, abdominal viscera were manipulated and the abdominal cavity was closed, in TV vagal trunks were isolated and sectioned, in RY a partial Roux-en-Y gastrectomy was performed and in RYTV the vagal trunks were sectioned and a partial Roux-en-Y gastrectomy was performed. At the 54th week after surgery, the rats were euthanized. The findings were submitted to histological analyses.RESULTS:None macroscopic or histological alterations in groups TV and CT was observed. Specimens from RY and RYTV groups did not show alterations in the gastric stump mucosa. At the jejunal side of the gastroenterostomy we found shallow ulcerative lesions always single, well-defined and with variable diameter 3 to 6 mm, six times in the RY group and none in the RYTV group (RY>RYTV, p=0.008). Neoplastic or preneoplastic lesions were not diagnosed in all groups.CONCLUSION:Truncal vagotomy is a safe and non-carcinogenic method in not resected and partially resected stomach.Sao Paulo State University Faculty of Medicine Departament of Surgery & OrthopedicsUNESP Faculty of Medicine Departament of Surgery & OrthopedicsUNESP Faculty of MedicineSao Paulo State University Faculty of Medicine Departament of Surgery & OrthopedicsUNESP Faculty of Medicine Departament of Surgery & OrthopedicsUNESP Faculty of Medicin

Drabbade eller påverkade? Jämförande analys av semantiska och stilistiska språkliga skillnader i en tillbakaöversatt artikel om miljörätt

I denna uppsats gör jag en tillbakaöversättning av en svensk artikel, som är överförd till engelska, och jämför sedan de två svenska texterna för att uppmärksamma de mest frekventa språkliga skillnaderna som är av vikt för textens innehåll och funktion. I enlighet med artikelns argumenterande stil, som bygger på värdsliga fakta, ägnas diskussion åt skiftningarna i verbuttryckens stilnivå, värdeladdning och innebörd, samt de bortfall och tillägg som uppstått, och som mestadels rör satskonnektorer och kulturella aspekter. Resultatet visar att verbuttrycken i stort håller samma stilnivå i tillbakaöversättningen, att i de fall det rör sig om metaforiska uttryck har den konceptuella metaforiken oftast hängt med i översättningsprocessens båda steg fast ibland antagit annan form, och att den engelska måltexten i flera fall infört metaforiska uttryck utan motsvarighet i källtexten, vilka sedan bevarats i tillbakaöversättningen. Detta är en orsak till att ungefär hälften av tillbakaöversättningens verbuttryck skiljer sig rent betydelsemässigt från källtextens, och en annan orsak är det faktum att måltexten antagit mer generella beteckningar som förlorat betydelsedjup vid översättningen tillbaka till svenska. Vissa satskonnektorer och perspektivmarkörer har fallit bort i den engelska måltexten, och andra har lagts till i endera av översättningarna, vilket innebär en retorisk förlust respektive vinst för texten. Det har också skett kulturella tillägg eller bortfall som en följd av texternas olika målgrupper, den svenska respektive den internationella

Historical impact to drive research in peptic ulcer disease

The story of gastric acid secretion began with early ideas on gastric secretion (Spallanzani and de Réaumur, 17th century) and with first descriptions of food digestion (Dupuytren and Bichat, Beaumont, early 18th century), followed by proof that gastric juice contained acid (Prout, early 18th century). The research continued with first descriptions of gastric glands as the source of gastric acid and its changes upon digestive stimulus (Purkinje and Golgi, mid and late 19th century). The theory of 'nervism' - the neuro-reflex stimulation of gastric secretion by vagal nerve (Pavlov, early 20th century) was contrasted by a histamine-mediated concept of gastric secretion (Popielski and Code, mid 20th century). Thus, gastric acid and pepsin (Schwann, early 19th century) were found to be essential for food digestion and studies also pointed to histamine, being the most potent final common chemostimulator of oxyntic cells. The discoveries in etiopathogenesis of mucosal injury were marked by the famous dictum: 'No acid, no ulcer' ('Ohne saueren Magensaft kein peptisches Geschwür', Schwarz, 1910) that later induced the term of 'mucosal defense' and the notion that the breaking of 'gastric mucosal barrier' represents the initial step in the process of mucosal injury (Davenport, Code and Scholer, mid 20th century). The prostaglandins were shown to influence all major components of gastric mucosal barrier, described with the term 'cytoprotection' (Vane, Robert and Jacobson, 1970s). Beginning in the latter half of 19th century, the studies on gastric bacteriology that followed enabled the discovery of association between Campylobacter (Helicobacter) pylori and peptic ulcers (Warren and Marshall, 1980s) that led to worldwide major interventions in treating peptic ulcer disease. The surgical approach to peptic ulcer had been outlined by resection procedures (Billroth, Pean, Moynihan, late 19 century) and vagotomy, with or without drainage procedures (Jaboulay, Latarjet, Dragstedt, mid 20th century). Antacids, protective agents, anticholinergics, and later gastrin antagonists and prostaglandins were used for decades in the treatment of peptic ulcer, with differing effects. The advent of the concept of H(2)-receptor antagonists (Black, 1970s) and the discovery of acid (proton) pumps in parietal cells (Ganser, Forte and Sachs, late 1970s) paved the way for potent (H(2) antagonists) and profound acid inhibition (proton pump inhibitors) that revolutionized the treatment of acid-related disorders, including peptic ulcer disease. Worldwide, peptic ulcer and its complications remain the cause of significant morbidity, especially in older age groups, representing a major burden for ambulatory and hospital healthcare resources